Observing System Evaluation Based on Ocean Data Assimilation and Prediction Systems: On-Going Challenges and a Future Vision for Designing and Supporting Ocean Observational Networks

• Published in: Frontiers in Marine Science
• Main Authors: Fujii, Yosuke, Rémy, Elisabeth, Zuo, Hao, Oke, Peter, Halliwell, George, Gasparin, Florent, Benkiran, Mounir, Loose, Nora, Cummings, James, Xie, Jiping, Xue, Yan, Masuda, Shuhei, Smith, Gregory, C, Balmaseda, Magdalena, Germineaud, Cyril, Lea, Daniel, Larnicol, Gilles, Bertino, Laurent, Bonaduce, Antonio, Brasseur, Pierre, Donlon, Craig, Heimbach, Patrick, Kim, Youngho, Kourafalou, Villy, Le Traon, Pierre-Yves, Martin, Matthew, Paturi, Shastri, Tranchant, Benoit, Usui, Norihisa
• Other Authors: Meteorological Research Institute Tsukuba (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Mercator Océan, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Service hydrographique et océanographique de la Marine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin Austin, Department of Earth Science Bergen (UiB), University of Bergen (UiB), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center Bergen (NERSC), NCEP Climate Prediction Center (CPC), NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami Coral Gables -University of Miami Coral Gables, Met Office Climate Research Division, United Kingdom Met Office Exeter, Collecte Localisation Satellites Brest (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes 2016-2019 (UGA 2016-2019 ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB Université de Savoie Université de Chambéry )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes 2016-2019 (UGA 2016-2019 ), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Ocean Circulation and Climate Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Department of Ocean Sciences, University of Miami Coral Gables
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2019
• Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences; [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]; North Atlantic
• Online Access: https://hal.science/hal-02973154; https://hal.science/hal-02973154/document; https://hal.science/hal-02973154/file/Fujii_2019.pdf; https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00417

International audience This paper summarizes recent efforts on Observing System Evaluation (OS-Eval) by the Ocean Data Assimilation and Prediction (ODAP) communities such as GODAE OceanView and CLIVAR-GSOP. It provides some examples of existing OS-Eval methodologies, and attempts to discuss the potential and limitation of the existing approaches. Observing System Experiment (OSE) studies illustrate the impacts of the severe decrease in the number of TAO buoys during 2012-2014 and TRITON buoys since 2013 on ODAP system performance. Multi-system evaluation of the impacts of assimilating satellite sea surface salinity data based on OSEs has been performed to demonstrate the need to continue and enhance satellite salinity missions. Impacts of underwater gliders have been assessed using Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) to provide guidance on the effective coordination of the western North Atlantic observing system elements. OSSEs are also being performed under H2020 AtlantOS project with the goal to enhance and optimize the Atlanticin-situnetworks. Potential offuture satellite missions of wide-swath altimetry and surface ocean currents monitoring isexplored through OSSEs and evaluation of Degrees of Freedomfor Signal (DFS). ForecastSensitivity Observation Impacts (FSOI) are routinely evaluated for monitoring the oceanobservation impacts in the US Navy’s ODAP system. Perspectives on the extension ofOS-Eval to coastal regions, the deep ocean, polar regions, coupled data assimilation,and biogeochemical applications are also presented. Basedon the examples above,we identify the limitations of OS-Eval, indicating that themost significant limitation isreduction of robustness and reliability of the results due to their system-dependency.The difficulty of performing evaluation in near real time is also critical. A strategy tomitigate the limitation and to strengthen the impact of evaluations is discussed. Inparticular, we emphasize the importance of collaboration within the ODAP community formulti-system ...