The influence of snow grain size and impurities on the vertical profiles of actinic flux and associated NOx emissions on the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets

• Published in: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
• Main Authors: Zatko, Maria C., Grenfell, Thomas C., Alexander, Becky, Doherty, Sarah J., Thomas, Jennie L., Yang, X.
• Other Authors: Department of Atmospheric Sciences Seattle, University of Washington Seattle, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Los Angeles (AOS), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Atmospheric Science Cambridge, UK, University of Cambridge UK (CAM), NCAS-Climate Cambridge, Department of Chemistry Cambridge, UK, University of Cambridge UK (CAM)-University of Cambridge UK (CAM)
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2013
• Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]; [SDE]Environmental Sciences; Antarctic; Greenland; South Pole; The Antarctic; Antarc*; Antarctica; South pole
• Online Access: https://hal.science/hal-00788898; https://hal.science/hal-00788898/document; https://hal.science/hal-00788898/file/acp-13-3547-2013.pdf; https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3547-2013

We use observations of the absorption properties of black carbon and non-black carbon impurities in near-surface snow collected near the research stations at South Pole and Dome C, Antarctica, and Summit, Greenland, combined with a snowpack actinic flux parameterization to estimate the vertical profile and e-folding depth of ultraviolet/near-visible (UV/near-vis) actinic flux in the snowpack at each location. We have developed a simple and broadly applicable parameterization to calculate depth and wavelength dependent snowpack actinic flux that can be easily integrated into large-scale (e.g., 3-D) models of the atmosphere. The calculated e-folding depths of actinic flux at 305 nm, the peak wavelength of nitrate photolysis in the snowpack, are 8–12 cm near the stations and 15–31 cm away (>11 km) from the stations. We find that the e-folding depth is strongly dependent on impurity content and wavelength in the UV/near-vis region, which explains the relatively shallow e-folding depths near stations where local activities lead to higher snow impurity levels. We calculate the lifetime of NO x in the snowpack interstitial air produced by photolysis of snowpack nitrate against wind pumping (T wind pumping ) from the snowpack, and compare this to the calculated lifetime of NO x against chemical conversion to HNO 3 (T chemical ) to determine whether the NO x produced at a given depth can escape from the snowpack to the overlying atmosphere. Comparison of T wind pumping and T chemical suggests efficient escape of photo produced NO x in the snowpack to the overlying atmosphere throughout most of the photochemically active zone. Calculated vertical actinic flux profiles and observed snowpack nitrate concentrations are used to estimate the potential flux of NO x from the snowpack. Calculated NO x fluxes of 4.4 × 10 8 –3.8 × 10 9 molecules cm −2 s −1 in remote polar locations and 3.2–8.2 × 10 8 molecules cm −2 s −1 near polar stations for January at Dome C and South Pole and June at Summit suggest that NO x flux ...