Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information
International audience Natural variability and change of the Earth’s climate have significant global societal impacts. With its large heat and carbon capacity and relatively slow dynamics, the ocean plays an integral role in climate, and provides an important source of predictability at seasonal and...
Published in: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Other Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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HAL CCSD
2019
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Online Access: | https://hal.science/hal-02433220 https://hal.science/hal-02433220/document https://hal.science/hal-02433220/file/fmars-06-00444.pdf https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00444 |
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HAL de l'Institut Polytechnique de Paris |
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English |
topic |
ocean observing system ocean climate earth observations in situ measurements satellite observations ocean modeling climate information [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean Atmosphere [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography |
spellingShingle |
ocean observing system ocean climate earth observations in situ measurements satellite observations ocean modeling climate information [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean Atmosphere [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography Stammer, Detlef Bracco, Annalisa Achutarao, Krishna Beal, Lisa Bindoff, Nathaniel Braconnot, Pascale Cai, Wenju Chen, Dake Collins, Matthew Danabasoglu, Gokhan Dewitte, Boris Farneti, Riccardo Fox-Kemper, Baylor Fyfe, John Griffies, Stephen, M Jayne, Steven Lazar, Alban Lengaigne, Matthieu Lin, Xiaopei Marsland, Simon Minobe, Shoshiro Monteiro, Pedro Robinson, Walter Roxy, Mathew Koll Rykaczewski, Ryan Speich, Sabrina Smith, Inga Solomon, Amy Storto, Andrea Takahashi, Ken Toniazzo, Thomas Vialard, Jérôme Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information |
topic_facet |
ocean observing system ocean climate earth observations in situ measurements satellite observations ocean modeling climate information [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean Atmosphere [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography |
description |
International audience Natural variability and change of the Earth’s climate have significant global societal impacts. With its large heat and carbon capacity and relatively slow dynamics, the ocean plays an integral role in climate, and provides an important source of predictability at seasonal and longer timescales. In addition, the ocean provides the slowly evolving lower boundary to the atmosphere, driving, and modifying atmospheric weather. Understanding and monitoring ocean climate variability and change, to constrain and initialize models as well as identify model biases for improved climate hindcasting and prediction, requires a scale-sensitive, and long-term observing system. A climate observing system has requirements that significantly differ from, and sometimes are orthogonal to, those of other applications. In general terms, they can be summarized by the simultaneous need for both large spatial and long temporal coverage, and by the accuracy and stability required for detecting the local climate signals. This paper reviews the requirements of a climate observing system in terms of space and time scales, and revisits the question of which parameters such a system should encompass to meet future strategic goals of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP), with emphasis on ocean and sea-ice covered areas. It considers global as well as regional aspects that should be accounted for in designing observing systems in individual basins. Furthermore, the paper discusses which data-driven products are required to meet WCRP research and modeling needs, and ways to obtain them through data synthesis and assimilation approaches. Finally, it addresses the need for scientific capacity building and international collaboration in support of the collection of high-quality measurements over the large spatial scales and long time-scales required for climate research, bridging the scientific rational to the required resources for implementation. |
author2 |
Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN) Universität Hamburg (UHH) School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Atlanta Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Centre for Atmospheric Sciences New Delhi Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) University of Miami Coral Gables Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies Hobart (IMAS) University of Tasmania Hobart, Australia (UTAS) Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement Gif-sur-Yvette (LSCE) Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA) Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID) Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Canberra (CSIRO) State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics (SOED) State Oceanic Administration (SOA) College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences Exeter (EMPS) University of Exeter National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder (NCAR) Echanges Côte-Large (ECOLA) Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS) Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3) Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP) Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3) Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste (ICTP) Brown University Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM) Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)) École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)) Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité) Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa (INESC-ID) Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST)-Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores (INESC) Centre for Climate Change Research Pune (CCCR) Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD) Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC) Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Stammer, Detlef Bracco, Annalisa Achutarao, Krishna Beal, Lisa Bindoff, Nathaniel Braconnot, Pascale Cai, Wenju Chen, Dake Collins, Matthew Danabasoglu, Gokhan Dewitte, Boris Farneti, Riccardo Fox-Kemper, Baylor Fyfe, John Griffies, Stephen, M Jayne, Steven Lazar, Alban Lengaigne, Matthieu Lin, Xiaopei Marsland, Simon Minobe, Shoshiro Monteiro, Pedro Robinson, Walter Roxy, Mathew Koll Rykaczewski, Ryan Speich, Sabrina Smith, Inga Solomon, Amy Storto, Andrea Takahashi, Ken Toniazzo, Thomas Vialard, Jérôme |
author_facet |
Stammer, Detlef Bracco, Annalisa Achutarao, Krishna Beal, Lisa Bindoff, Nathaniel Braconnot, Pascale Cai, Wenju Chen, Dake Collins, Matthew Danabasoglu, Gokhan Dewitte, Boris Farneti, Riccardo Fox-Kemper, Baylor Fyfe, John Griffies, Stephen, M Jayne, Steven Lazar, Alban Lengaigne, Matthieu Lin, Xiaopei Marsland, Simon Minobe, Shoshiro Monteiro, Pedro Robinson, Walter Roxy, Mathew Koll Rykaczewski, Ryan Speich, Sabrina Smith, Inga Solomon, Amy Storto, Andrea Takahashi, Ken Toniazzo, Thomas Vialard, Jérôme |
author_sort |
Stammer, Detlef |
title |
Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information |
title_short |
Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information |
title_full |
Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information |
title_fullStr |
Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information |
title_sort |
ocean climate observing requirements in support of climate research and climate information |
publisher |
HAL CCSD |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://hal.science/hal-02433220 https://hal.science/hal-02433220/document https://hal.science/hal-02433220/file/fmars-06-00444.pdf https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00444 |
genre |
Sea ice ice covered areas |
genre_facet |
Sea ice ice covered areas |
op_source |
ISSN: 2296-7745 Frontiers in Marine Science https://hal.science/hal-02433220 Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019, 6, pp.444. ⟨10.3389/fmars.2019.00444⟩ |
op_relation |
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.3389/fmars.2019.00444 hal-02433220 https://hal.science/hal-02433220 https://hal.science/hal-02433220/document https://hal.science/hal-02433220/file/fmars-06-00444.pdf doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00444 IRD: fdi:010076502 WOS: 000477973500001 |
op_rights |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/ info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00444 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
6 |
_version_ |
1810478828991021056 |
spelling |
ftinspolytechpar:oai:HAL:hal-02433220v1 2024-09-15T18:35:38+00:00 Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information Stammer, Detlef Bracco, Annalisa Achutarao, Krishna Beal, Lisa Bindoff, Nathaniel Braconnot, Pascale Cai, Wenju Chen, Dake Collins, Matthew Danabasoglu, Gokhan Dewitte, Boris Farneti, Riccardo Fox-Kemper, Baylor Fyfe, John Griffies, Stephen, M Jayne, Steven Lazar, Alban Lengaigne, Matthieu Lin, Xiaopei Marsland, Simon Minobe, Shoshiro Monteiro, Pedro Robinson, Walter Roxy, Mathew Koll Rykaczewski, Ryan Speich, Sabrina Smith, Inga Solomon, Amy Storto, Andrea Takahashi, Ken Toniazzo, Thomas Vialard, Jérôme Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN) Universität Hamburg (UHH) School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Atlanta Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Centre for Atmospheric Sciences New Delhi Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) University of Miami Coral Gables Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies Hobart (IMAS) University of Tasmania Hobart, Australia (UTAS) Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement Gif-sur-Yvette (LSCE) Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA) Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID) Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Canberra (CSIRO) State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics (SOED) State Oceanic Administration (SOA) College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences Exeter (EMPS) University of Exeter National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder (NCAR) Echanges Côte-Large (ECOLA) Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS) Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3) Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP) Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3) Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste (ICTP) Brown University Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM) Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)) École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)) Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité) Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa (INESC-ID) Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST)-Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores (INESC) Centre for Climate Change Research Pune (CCCR) Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD) Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC) Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) 2019-07-31 https://hal.science/hal-02433220 https://hal.science/hal-02433220/document https://hal.science/hal-02433220/file/fmars-06-00444.pdf https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00444 en eng HAL CCSD Frontiers Media info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.3389/fmars.2019.00444 hal-02433220 https://hal.science/hal-02433220 https://hal.science/hal-02433220/document https://hal.science/hal-02433220/file/fmars-06-00444.pdf doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00444 IRD: fdi:010076502 WOS: 000477973500001 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/ info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess ISSN: 2296-7745 Frontiers in Marine Science https://hal.science/hal-02433220 Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019, 6, pp.444. ⟨10.3389/fmars.2019.00444⟩ ocean observing system ocean climate earth observations in situ measurements satellite observations ocean modeling climate information [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean Atmosphere [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography info:eu-repo/semantics/article Journal articles 2019 ftinspolytechpar https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00444 2024-06-23T23:36:53Z International audience Natural variability and change of the Earth’s climate have significant global societal impacts. With its large heat and carbon capacity and relatively slow dynamics, the ocean plays an integral role in climate, and provides an important source of predictability at seasonal and longer timescales. In addition, the ocean provides the slowly evolving lower boundary to the atmosphere, driving, and modifying atmospheric weather. Understanding and monitoring ocean climate variability and change, to constrain and initialize models as well as identify model biases for improved climate hindcasting and prediction, requires a scale-sensitive, and long-term observing system. A climate observing system has requirements that significantly differ from, and sometimes are orthogonal to, those of other applications. In general terms, they can be summarized by the simultaneous need for both large spatial and long temporal coverage, and by the accuracy and stability required for detecting the local climate signals. This paper reviews the requirements of a climate observing system in terms of space and time scales, and revisits the question of which parameters such a system should encompass to meet future strategic goals of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP), with emphasis on ocean and sea-ice covered areas. It considers global as well as regional aspects that should be accounted for in designing observing systems in individual basins. Furthermore, the paper discusses which data-driven products are required to meet WCRP research and modeling needs, and ways to obtain them through data synthesis and assimilation approaches. Finally, it addresses the need for scientific capacity building and international collaboration in support of the collection of high-quality measurements over the large spatial scales and long time-scales required for climate research, bridging the scientific rational to the required resources for implementation. Article in Journal/Newspaper Sea ice ice covered areas HAL de l'Institut Polytechnique de Paris Frontiers in Marine Science 6 |