The Campanian Ignimbrite and Codola tephra layers: two temporal/stratigraphic markers for the Early Upper Palaeolithic in southern Italy and eastern Europe

• Published in: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
• Main Authors: Giaccio, B., Isaia, R., Fedele, F., Di Canzio, E., Hoffecker, J., Ronchitelli, A., Sinitsyn, A., Anikovich, M., Lisitsyn, S., Popov, V.
• Other Authors: Giaccio, B.; Istituto di Geologia ambientale e Geoingegneria, CNR, Via Bolognola 7, 00138 Rome, Italy, Isaia, R.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia, Fedele, F.; Laboratorio di Antropologia, Dipartimento delle Scienze biologiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Di Canzio, E.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy, Hoffecker, J.; Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Ronchitelli, A.; Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle Arti, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy, Sinitsyn, A.; Institute of the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petersburg, Russia, Anikovich, M.; Institute of the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petersburg, Russia, Lisitsyn, S.; Institute of the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petersburg, Russia, Popov, V.; Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria, Istituto di Geologia ambientale e Geoingegneria, CNR, Via Bolognola 7, 00138 Rome, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione OV, Napoli, Italia, Laboratorio di Antropologia, Dipartimento delle Scienze biologiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle Arti, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy, Institute of the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petersburg, Russia, Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
• Format: Manuscript
• Language: English
• Published: 2007
• Subjects: Campanian; ignimbrite; Codola; tephra layers; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions; Greenland
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/2122/2883; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.10.007

Tephra layers from archaeological sites in southern Italy and eastern Europe stratigraphically associated with cultural levels containing Early Upper Palaeolithic industry were analysed. The results confirm the occurrence of the Campanian Ignimbrite tephra (CI; c. 40 cal ka BP) at Castelcivita Cave (southern Italy), Temnata Cave (Bulgaria) and in the Kostenki-Borshchevo area of the Russian Plain. This tephra, originated from the largest eruption of the Phlegrean Field caldera, represents the widest volcanic deposit and one of the most important temporal/stratigraphic markers of western Eurasia. At Paglicci Cave and lesser sites in the Apulia region we recognise a chemically and texturally different tephra, which lithologically, chronologically and chemically matches the physical and chemical characteristics of the Plinian eruption of Codola; a poorly known Late Pleistocene explosive event from the Neapolitan volcanoes, likely Somma- Vesuvius. For this latter, we propose a preliminary age estimate of c. 33 cal ka BP and a correlation to the widespread C-10 marine tephra of the central Mediterranean. The stratigraphic position of both CI and Codola tephra layers at Castelcivita and Paglicci help date the first and the last documented appearance of Early Upper Palaeolithic industries of southern Italy to c. 41-40 and 33 cal ka BP, respectively, or between two interstadial oscillations of the Monticchio pollen record – to which the CI and Codola tephras are physically correlated – corresponding to the Greenland interstadials 10-9 and 5. In eastern Europe, the stratigraphic and chronometric data seem to indicate an earlier appearance of the Early Upper Palaeolithic industries, which would predate of two millennia at least the overlying CI tephra. The tephrostratigraphic correlation indicates that in both regions the innovations connected with the so-called Early Upper Palaeolithic – encompassing subsistence strategy and stone tool technology – appeared and evolved during one of the most unstable climatic phases of ...