Song Notes and Patterns of the Mediterranean Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ionian Sea

The Mediterranean fin whale emits two types of 20-Hz calls, known as “classic” and “backbeat”, that can be produced in irregular series or in patterned sequences called songs. The analysis of songs is recognized as a meaningful approach to study baleen whales and can be used to investigate populatio...

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Main Authors: Sciacca, Virginia, Morello, Giuseppe, Beranzoli, Laura, Embriaco, Davide, Filiciotto, Francesco, Marinaro, Giuditta, Riccobene, Giorgio Maria, Simeone, Francesco, Viola, Salvatore
Other Authors: Istituto di Scienze Polari-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ISP), 98122 Messina, Italy, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dip. Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DISTEM), 90123 Palermo, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (INFN-LNS), 95123 Catania, Italy
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: MDPI 2023
Subjects:
cabled observatories
acoustic communication
fin whale
mediterranean subpopulation
Ionian Sea
EMSO
20-Hz songs
Balaenoptera physalus
baleen whales
Fin whale
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/2122/16627
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112057
id ftingv:oai:www.earth-prints.org:2122/16627
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection Earth-Prints (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia)
op_collection_id ftingv
language English
topic cabled observatories
acoustic communication
fin whale
mediterranean subpopulation
Ionian Sea
EMSO
20-Hz songs
spellingShingle cabled observatories
acoustic communication
fin whale
mediterranean subpopulation
Ionian Sea
EMSO
20-Hz songs
Sciacca, Virginia
Morello, Giuseppe
Beranzoli, Laura
Embriaco, Davide
Filiciotto, Francesco
Marinaro, Giuditta
Riccobene, Giorgio Maria
Simeone, Francesco
Viola, Salvatore
Song Notes and Patterns of the Mediterranean Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ionian Sea
topic_facet cabled observatories
acoustic communication
fin whale
mediterranean subpopulation
Ionian Sea
EMSO
20-Hz songs
description The Mediterranean fin whale emits two types of 20-Hz calls, known as “classic” and “backbeat”, that can be produced in irregular series or in patterned sequences called songs. The analysis of songs is recognized as a meaningful approach to study baleen whales and can be used to investigate populations’ identities. Mediterranean fin whale songs have been studied previously, but only in the western Mediterranean Sea. This work describes the structure of the songs recorded in the Ionian Sea. The inter-note intervals and the alternation of 20-Hz note types were considered to assess the occurrence of recurring patterns. Differences between patterned songs and irregular sequences were also investigated. Acoustic data were sampled continuously for about 10 months by the cabled observatory NEMO-SN1, deployed at 2100 m depth, 25 km offshore Catania; 28 call sequences were isolated and 10 of these were classified as either patterned songs or irregular sequences. Significant differences were observed in the spectral features of classic notes between songs and irregulars; four-note patterns were found repeatedly over different months, indicating a regular structure in detected songs. This work establishes a reference to interpret Mediterranean fin whale songs, and to assess the acoustic behavior of the population. Published 2057 OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa JCR Journal
author2 Istituto di Scienze Polari-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ISP), 98122 Messina, Italy
Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dip. Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DISTEM), 90123 Palermo, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (INFN-LNS), 95123 Catania, Italy
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Sciacca, Virginia
Morello, Giuseppe
Beranzoli, Laura
Embriaco, Davide
Filiciotto, Francesco
Marinaro, Giuditta
Riccobene, Giorgio Maria
Simeone, Francesco
Viola, Salvatore
author_facet Sciacca, Virginia
Morello, Giuseppe
Beranzoli, Laura
Embriaco, Davide
Filiciotto, Francesco
Marinaro, Giuditta
Riccobene, Giorgio Maria
Simeone, Francesco
Viola, Salvatore
author_sort Sciacca, Virginia
title Song Notes and Patterns of the Mediterranean Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ionian Sea
title_short Song Notes and Patterns of the Mediterranean Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ionian Sea
title_full Song Notes and Patterns of the Mediterranean Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ionian Sea
title_fullStr Song Notes and Patterns of the Mediterranean Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ionian Sea
title_full_unstemmed Song Notes and Patterns of the Mediterranean Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ionian Sea
title_sort song notes and patterns of the mediterranean fin whale (balaenoptera physalus) in the ionian sea
publisher MDPI
publishDate 2023
url http://hdl.handle.net/2122/16627
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112057
genre Balaenoptera physalus
baleen whales
Fin whale
genre_facet Balaenoptera physalus
baleen whales
Fin whale
op_relation Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
/11 (2023)
Cooke, J.G. Balaenoptera physalus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: E.T2478A50349982. 2018. Available online: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2478/50349982 (accessed on 12 January 2023). Panigada, S.; Gauffier, P.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. Balaenoptera physalus (Mediterranean subpopulation). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: E.T16208224A50387979. 2021. Available online: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16208224/50387979 (accessed on 10 January 2023). Castellote, M.; Clark, C.W.; Lammers, M.O. Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Population Identity in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Mammal Sci. 2012, 28, 325–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Sciacca, V.; Caruso, F.; Beranzoli, L.; Chierici, F.; De Domenico, E.; Embriaco, D.; Favali, P.; Giovanetti, G.; Larosa, G.; Marinaro, G.; et al. Annual Acoustic Presence of Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Offshore Eastern Sicily, Central Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0141838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Pintore, L.; Sciacca, V.; Viola, S.; Giacoma, C.; Papale, E.; Giorli, G. Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ligurian Sea: Preliminary Study on Acoustics Demonstrates Their Regular Occurrence in Autumn. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Best, P.; Marxer, R.; Paris, S.; Glotin, H. Temporal Evolution of the Mediterranean Fin Whale Song. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 13565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Pereira, A.; Harris, D.; Tyack, P.; Matias, L. Fin Whale Acoustic Presence and Song Characteristics in Seas to the Southwest of Portugal. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2020, 147, 2235–2249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Watkins, W.A.; Tyack, P.; Moore, K.E.; Bird, J.E. The 20-Hz Signals of Finback Whales (Balaenoptera physalus). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1987, 82, 1901–1912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Edds-walton, P.L. Acoustic Communication Signals of Mysticete Whales. Bioacoustics 1997, 8, 47–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Clark, C.W.; Borsani, J.F.; Notarbartolo-Di-sciara, G. Vocal activity of fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus, in the Ligurian Sea. Mar. Mammal Sci. 2002, 18, 286–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Weirathmueller, M.J.; Stafford, K.M.; Wilcock, W.S.D.; Hilmo, R.S.; Dziak, R.P.; Tréhu, A.M. Spatial and Temporal Trends in Fin Whale Vocalizations Recorded in the NE Pacific Ocean between 2003–2013. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0186127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Romagosa, M.; Pérez-Jorge, S.; Cascão, I.; Mouriño, H.; Lehodey, P.; Pereira, A.; Marques, T.A.; Matias, L.; Silva, M.A. Food Talk: 40-Hz Fin Whale Calls Are Associated with Prey Biomass. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2021, 288, 20211156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Furumaki, S.; Tsujii, K.; Mitani, Y. Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Song Pattern in the Southern Chukchi Sea. Polar Biol. 2021, 44, 1021–1027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Constaratas, A.N.; McDonald, M.A.; Goetz, K.T.; Giorli, G. Fin Whale Acoustic Populations Present in New Zealand Waters: Description of Song Types, Occurrence and Seasonality Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0253737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Wood, M.; Širović, A. Characterization of Fin Whale Song off the Western Antarctic Peninsula. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, 11–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Širović, A.; Hildebrand, J.A.; Wiggins, S.M.; Thiele, D. Blue and Fin Whale Acoustic Presence around Antarctica during 2003 and 2004. Mar. Mammal Sci. 2009, 25, 125–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Simon, M.; Stafford, K.M.; Beedholm, K.; Lee, C.M.; Madsen, P.T. Singing Behavior of Fin Whales in the Davis Strait with Implications for Mating, Migration and Foraging. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2010, 128, 3200–3210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Morano, J.L.; Salisbury, D.P.; Rice, A.N.; Conklin, K.L.; Falk, K.L.; Clark, C.W. Seasonal and Geographical Patterns of Fin Whale Song in the Western North Atlantic Ocean. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2012, 132, 1207–1212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Oleson, E.M.; Širović, A.; Bayless, A.R.; Hildebrand, J.A. Synchronous Seasonal Change in Fin Whale Song in the North Pacific. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e115678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Stafford, K.M.; Mellinger, D.K.; Moore, S.E.; Fox, C.G. Seasonal Variability and Detection Range Modeling of Baleen Whale Calls in the Gulf of Alaska, 1999–2002. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2007, 122, 3378–3390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Kershenbaum, A.; Blumstein, D.T.; Roch, M.A.; Akçay, Ç.; Backus, G.; Bee, M.A.; Bohn, K.; Cao, Y.; Carter, G.; Cäsar, C.; et al. Acoustic Sequences in Non-Human Animals: A Tutorial Review and Prospectus. Biol. Rev. 2016, 91, 13–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Croll, D.A.; Clark, C.W.; Acevedo, A.; Tershy, B.; Gedamke, J.; Urban, J.; Suki, B. Only Male Fin Whales Sing Loud Songs. Nature 2002, 417, 809–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Mcdonald, M.A.; Hildebrand, J.A.; Webb, S.C. Blue and Fin Whales Observed on a Seafloor Array Pacific. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1995, 98, 712–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Širović, A.; Williams, L.N.; Kerosky, S.M.; Wiggins, S.M.; Hildebrand, J.A. Temporal Separation of Two Fin Whale Call Types across the Eastern North Pacific. Mar. Biol. 2013, 160, 47–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Soule, D.C.; Wilcock, W.S.D. Fin Whale Tracks Recorded by a Seismic Network on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Northeast Pacific Ocean. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2013, 133, 1751–1761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Sciacca, V.; Morello, G.; Filiciotto, F. Measuring Fin Whale Songs in a Noisy Environment. In The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life; Popper, A.N., Sisneros, J., Hawkins, A.D., Thomsen, F., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Watkins, W.A. Activities and Underwater Sounds of Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus). Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. Tokyo 1981, 33, 83–117. [Google Scholar] Thompson, P.O.; Findley, L.T.; Vidal, O. 20-Hz Pulses and Other Vocalizations of Fin Whales, Balaenoptera physalus, in the Gulf of California, Mexico. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1992, 92, 3051–3057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Širović, A.; Oleson, E.M.; Buccowich, J.; Rice, A.; Bayless, A.R. Fin Whale Song Variability in Southern California and the Gulf of California. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 10126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Helble, T.A.; Guazzo, R.A.; Alongi, G.C.; Martin, C.R.; Martin, S.W.; Henderson, E.E. Fin Whale Song Patterns Shift Over Time in the Central North Pacific. Front. Mar. Sci. 2020, 7, 587110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Favali, P.; Chierici, F.; Marinaro, G.; Giovanetti, G.; Azzarone, A.; Beranzoli, L.; De Santis, A.; Embriaco, D.; Monna, S.; Lo Bue, N.; et al. NEMO-SN1 Abyssal Cabled Observatory in the Western Ionian Sea. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 2013, 38, 358–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] EMSO ERIC Website. Available online: https://emso.eu (accessed on 19 October 2023). Embriaco, D.; Marinaro, G.; Giovanetti, G. Hydrophone Dataset (SMID DT-405D(V)1 @ 2 kHz) from INGV/NEMO-SN1 Seafloor Platform during SMO Project in Western Ionian Sea Site (East Sicily), Part of EMSO Network [Data Set]. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). 2012. Available online: https://doi.org/10.13127/MD/600DBC39-8769-4FA3-8154-7DD71EFA659E (accessed on 18 October 2023). Crane, N.L.; Lashkari, K. Sound Production of Gray Whales, Eschrichtius Robustus, along Their Migration Route: A New Approach to Signal Analysis. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1996, 100, 1878–1886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Samaran, F.; Adam, O.; Guinet, C. Detection Range Modeling of Blue Whale Calls in Southwestern Indian Ocean. Appl. Acoust. 2010, 71, 1099–1106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Geijer, C.K.A.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Panigada, S. Mysticete Migration Revisited: Are Mediterranean Fin Whales an Anomaly? Mamm. Rev. 2016, 46, 284–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Monaco, C.; Ibáñez, J.M.; Carrión, F.; Tringali, L.M. Cetacean behavioral responses to noise exposure generated by seismic surveys: How to mitigate better? Ann. Geophys. 2016, 59, S0436. [Google Scholar] Viola, S.; Grammauta, R.; Sciacca, V.; Bellia, G.; Beranzoli, L.; Buscaino, G.; Caruso, F.; Chierici, F.; Cuttone, G.; D’Amico, A.; et al. Continuous Monitoring of Noise Levels in the Gulf of Catania (Ionian Sea). Study of Correlation with Ship Traffic. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 121, 97–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Weirathmueller, M.J.; Wilcock, W.S.D.; Soule, D.C. Source Levels of Fin Whale 20 Hz Pulses Measured in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2013, 133, 741–749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Garcia, H.A.; Zhu, C.; Schinault, M.E.; Kaplan, A.I.; Handegard, N.O.; Godø, O.R.; Ahonen, H.; Makris, N.C.; Wang, D.; Huang, W.; et al. Temporal–Spatial, Spectral, and Source Level Distributions of Fin Whale Vocalizations in the Norwegian Sea Observed with a Coherent Hydrophone Array. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2019, 76, 268–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Notarbartolo-Di-Sciara, G.; Zanardelli, M.; Jahoda, M.; Panigada, S.; Airoldi, S. The Fin Whale Balaenoptera physalus (L. 1758) in the Mediterranean Sea. Mamm. Rev. 2003, 33, 105–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
2077-1312
http://hdl.handle.net/2122/16627
doi:10.3390/jmse11112057
op_rights open
op_doi https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse1111205710.13127/MD/600DBC39-8769-4FA3-8154-7DD71EFA659E
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spelling ftingv:oai:www.earth-prints.org:2122/16627 2024-01-28T10:04:42+01:00 Song Notes and Patterns of the Mediterranean Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ionian Sea Sciacca, Virginia Morello, Giuseppe Beranzoli, Laura Embriaco, Davide Filiciotto, Francesco Marinaro, Giuditta Riccobene, Giorgio Maria Simeone, Francesco Viola, Salvatore Istituto di Scienze Polari-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ISP), 98122 Messina, Italy Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dip. Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DISTEM), 90123 Palermo, Italy Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (INFN-LNS), 95123 Catania, Italy 2023-10 http://hdl.handle.net/2122/16627 https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112057 en eng MDPI Journal of Marine Science and Engineering /11 (2023) Cooke, J.G. Balaenoptera physalus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: E.T2478A50349982. 2018. Available online: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2478/50349982 (accessed on 12 January 2023). Panigada, S.; Gauffier, P.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. Balaenoptera physalus (Mediterranean subpopulation). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: E.T16208224A50387979. 2021. Available online: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16208224/50387979 (accessed on 10 January 2023). Castellote, M.; Clark, C.W.; Lammers, M.O. Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Population Identity in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Mammal Sci. 2012, 28, 325–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Sciacca, V.; Caruso, F.; Beranzoli, L.; Chierici, F.; De Domenico, E.; Embriaco, D.; Favali, P.; Giovanetti, G.; Larosa, G.; Marinaro, G.; et al. Annual Acoustic Presence of Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Offshore Eastern Sicily, Central Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0141838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Pintore, L.; Sciacca, V.; Viola, S.; Giacoma, C.; Papale, E.; Giorli, G. Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ligurian Sea: Preliminary Study on Acoustics Demonstrates Their Regular Occurrence in Autumn. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Best, P.; Marxer, R.; Paris, S.; Glotin, H. Temporal Evolution of the Mediterranean Fin Whale Song. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 13565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Pereira, A.; Harris, D.; Tyack, P.; Matias, L. Fin Whale Acoustic Presence and Song Characteristics in Seas to the Southwest of Portugal. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2020, 147, 2235–2249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Watkins, W.A.; Tyack, P.; Moore, K.E.; Bird, J.E. The 20-Hz Signals of Finback Whales (Balaenoptera physalus). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1987, 82, 1901–1912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Edds-walton, P.L. Acoustic Communication Signals of Mysticete Whales. Bioacoustics 1997, 8, 47–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Clark, C.W.; Borsani, J.F.; Notarbartolo-Di-sciara, G. Vocal activity of fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus, in the Ligurian Sea. Mar. Mammal Sci. 2002, 18, 286–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Weirathmueller, M.J.; Stafford, K.M.; Wilcock, W.S.D.; Hilmo, R.S.; Dziak, R.P.; Tréhu, A.M. Spatial and Temporal Trends in Fin Whale Vocalizations Recorded in the NE Pacific Ocean between 2003–2013. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0186127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Romagosa, M.; Pérez-Jorge, S.; Cascão, I.; Mouriño, H.; Lehodey, P.; Pereira, A.; Marques, T.A.; Matias, L.; Silva, M.A. Food Talk: 40-Hz Fin Whale Calls Are Associated with Prey Biomass. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2021, 288, 20211156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Furumaki, S.; Tsujii, K.; Mitani, Y. Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Song Pattern in the Southern Chukchi Sea. Polar Biol. 2021, 44, 1021–1027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Constaratas, A.N.; McDonald, M.A.; Goetz, K.T.; Giorli, G. Fin Whale Acoustic Populations Present in New Zealand Waters: Description of Song Types, Occurrence and Seasonality Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0253737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Wood, M.; Širović, A. Characterization of Fin Whale Song off the Western Antarctic Peninsula. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, 11–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Širović, A.; Hildebrand, J.A.; Wiggins, S.M.; Thiele, D. Blue and Fin Whale Acoustic Presence around Antarctica during 2003 and 2004. Mar. Mammal Sci. 2009, 25, 125–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Simon, M.; Stafford, K.M.; Beedholm, K.; Lee, C.M.; Madsen, P.T. Singing Behavior of Fin Whales in the Davis Strait with Implications for Mating, Migration and Foraging. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2010, 128, 3200–3210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Morano, J.L.; Salisbury, D.P.; Rice, A.N.; Conklin, K.L.; Falk, K.L.; Clark, C.W. Seasonal and Geographical Patterns of Fin Whale Song in the Western North Atlantic Ocean. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2012, 132, 1207–1212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Oleson, E.M.; Širović, A.; Bayless, A.R.; Hildebrand, J.A. Synchronous Seasonal Change in Fin Whale Song in the North Pacific. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e115678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Stafford, K.M.; Mellinger, D.K.; Moore, S.E.; Fox, C.G. Seasonal Variability and Detection Range Modeling of Baleen Whale Calls in the Gulf of Alaska, 1999–2002. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2007, 122, 3378–3390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Kershenbaum, A.; Blumstein, D.T.; Roch, M.A.; Akçay, Ç.; Backus, G.; Bee, M.A.; Bohn, K.; Cao, Y.; Carter, G.; Cäsar, C.; et al. Acoustic Sequences in Non-Human Animals: A Tutorial Review and Prospectus. Biol. Rev. 2016, 91, 13–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Croll, D.A.; Clark, C.W.; Acevedo, A.; Tershy, B.; Gedamke, J.; Urban, J.; Suki, B. Only Male Fin Whales Sing Loud Songs. Nature 2002, 417, 809–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Mcdonald, M.A.; Hildebrand, J.A.; Webb, S.C. Blue and Fin Whales Observed on a Seafloor Array Pacific. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1995, 98, 712–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Širović, A.; Williams, L.N.; Kerosky, S.M.; Wiggins, S.M.; Hildebrand, J.A. Temporal Separation of Two Fin Whale Call Types across the Eastern North Pacific. Mar. Biol. 2013, 160, 47–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Soule, D.C.; Wilcock, W.S.D. Fin Whale Tracks Recorded by a Seismic Network on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Northeast Pacific Ocean. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2013, 133, 1751–1761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Sciacca, V.; Morello, G.; Filiciotto, F. Measuring Fin Whale Songs in a Noisy Environment. In The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life; Popper, A.N., Sisneros, J., Hawkins, A.D., Thomsen, F., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Watkins, W.A. Activities and Underwater Sounds of Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus). Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. Tokyo 1981, 33, 83–117. [Google Scholar] Thompson, P.O.; Findley, L.T.; Vidal, O. 20-Hz Pulses and Other Vocalizations of Fin Whales, Balaenoptera physalus, in the Gulf of California, Mexico. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1992, 92, 3051–3057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Širović, A.; Oleson, E.M.; Buccowich, J.; Rice, A.; Bayless, A.R. Fin Whale Song Variability in Southern California and the Gulf of California. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 10126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Helble, T.A.; Guazzo, R.A.; Alongi, G.C.; Martin, C.R.; Martin, S.W.; Henderson, E.E. Fin Whale Song Patterns Shift Over Time in the Central North Pacific. Front. Mar. Sci. 2020, 7, 587110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Favali, P.; Chierici, F.; Marinaro, G.; Giovanetti, G.; Azzarone, A.; Beranzoli, L.; De Santis, A.; Embriaco, D.; Monna, S.; Lo Bue, N.; et al. NEMO-SN1 Abyssal Cabled Observatory in the Western Ionian Sea. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 2013, 38, 358–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] EMSO ERIC Website. Available online: https://emso.eu (accessed on 19 October 2023). Embriaco, D.; Marinaro, G.; Giovanetti, G. Hydrophone Dataset (SMID DT-405D(V)1 @ 2 kHz) from INGV/NEMO-SN1 Seafloor Platform during SMO Project in Western Ionian Sea Site (East Sicily), Part of EMSO Network [Data Set]. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). 2012. Available online: https://doi.org/10.13127/MD/600DBC39-8769-4FA3-8154-7DD71EFA659E (accessed on 18 October 2023). Crane, N.L.; Lashkari, K. Sound Production of Gray Whales, Eschrichtius Robustus, along Their Migration Route: A New Approach to Signal Analysis. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1996, 100, 1878–1886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Samaran, F.; Adam, O.; Guinet, C. Detection Range Modeling of Blue Whale Calls in Southwestern Indian Ocean. Appl. Acoust. 2010, 71, 1099–1106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Geijer, C.K.A.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Panigada, S. Mysticete Migration Revisited: Are Mediterranean Fin Whales an Anomaly? Mamm. Rev. 2016, 46, 284–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Monaco, C.; Ibáñez, J.M.; Carrión, F.; Tringali, L.M. Cetacean behavioral responses to noise exposure generated by seismic surveys: How to mitigate better? Ann. Geophys. 2016, 59, S0436. [Google Scholar] Viola, S.; Grammauta, R.; Sciacca, V.; Bellia, G.; Beranzoli, L.; Buscaino, G.; Caruso, F.; Chierici, F.; Cuttone, G.; D’Amico, A.; et al. Continuous Monitoring of Noise Levels in the Gulf of Catania (Ionian Sea). Study of Correlation with Ship Traffic. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 121, 97–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Weirathmueller, M.J.; Wilcock, W.S.D.; Soule, D.C. Source Levels of Fin Whale 20 Hz Pulses Measured in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2013, 133, 741–749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Garcia, H.A.; Zhu, C.; Schinault, M.E.; Kaplan, A.I.; Handegard, N.O.; Godø, O.R.; Ahonen, H.; Makris, N.C.; Wang, D.; Huang, W.; et al. Temporal–Spatial, Spectral, and Source Level Distributions of Fin Whale Vocalizations in the Norwegian Sea Observed with a Coherent Hydrophone Array. ICES J. Mar. 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This work describes the structure of the songs recorded in the Ionian Sea. The inter-note intervals and the alternation of 20-Hz note types were considered to assess the occurrence of recurring patterns. Differences between patterned songs and irregular sequences were also investigated. Acoustic data were sampled continuously for about 10 months by the cabled observatory NEMO-SN1, deployed at 2100 m depth, 25 km offshore Catania; 28 call sequences were isolated and 10 of these were classified as either patterned songs or irregular sequences. Significant differences were observed in the spectral features of classic notes between songs and irregulars; four-note patterns were found repeatedly over different months, indicating a regular structure in detected songs. This work establishes a reference to interpret Mediterranean fin whale songs, and to assess the acoustic behavior of the population. Published 2057 OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa JCR Journal Article in Journal/Newspaper Balaenoptera physalus baleen whales Fin whale Earth-Prints (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia)

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