World Ocean Assessment II, Chapter 05, Trends in the physical and chemical state of the ocean

KEYNOTE POINTS 1. Thermal expansion from a warming ocean and land ice melt are the main causes of the accelerating global rise in the mean sea level. 2. Global warming is also affecting many circulation systems. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation has already weakened and will most likel...

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Main Authors: García-Soto, C. (Carlos), Caesar, L. (Levke), Cazenave, A., Cheng, L., Cheripka, Alicia, Durack, P. J., Evans, K. (Karen), Halpern, D., Jewett, E. B., Kim, S. Y., Guancheng, L., Rigor, Ignatius, Schmidtko, Sunke, Wang, J., Zielinski, T. (Tymon)
Format: Book Part
Language:English
Published: United Nations 2021
Subjects:
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/10508/12066
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spelling ftieo:oai:repositorio.ieo.es:10508/12066 2023-05-15T17:52:06+02:00 World Ocean Assessment II, Chapter 05, Trends in the physical and chemical state of the ocean García-Soto, C. (Carlos) Caesar, L. (Levke) Cazenave, A. Cheng, L. Cheripka, Alicia Durack, P. J. Evans, K. (Karen) Halpern, D. Jewett, E. B. Kim, S. Y. Guancheng, L. Rigor, Ignatius Schmidtko, Sunke Wang, J. Zielinski, T. (Tymon) 2021-04-21 http://hdl.handle.net/10508/12066 eng eng United Nations Centro Oceanográfico de Santander https://www.un.org/regularprocess/sites/www.un.org.regularprocess/files/2011859-e-woa-ii-vol-i.pdf 978-92-1-1-130422-0 http://hdl.handle.net/10508/12066 The Second World Ocean Assessment. Volume I. (ed.). United Nations. New York. 2021. 570 pp: 83-110 Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/ openAccess CC-BY-NC-ND world ocean assessment climate change sea level ocean circulation sea temperature ocean heat content salinity ocean acidification dissolved oxygen sea ice knowledge gaps bookPart 2021 ftieo 2022-07-26T23:49:19Z KEYNOTE POINTS 1. Thermal expansion from a warming ocean and land ice melt are the main causes of the accelerating global rise in the mean sea level. 2. Global warming is also affecting many circulation systems. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation has already weakened and will most likely continue to do so in the future. The impacts of ocean circulation changes include a regional rise in sea levels, changes in the nutrient distribution and carbon uptake of the ocean and feedbacks with the atmosphere, such as altering the distribution of precipitation. 3. More than 90 percent of the heat from global warming is stored in the global ocean. Oceans have exhibited robust warming since the 1950s from the surface to a depth of 2,000 m. The proportion of ocean heat content has more than doubled since the 1990s compared with long-term trends. Ocean warming can be seen in most of the global ocean, with a few regions exhibiting long-term cooling. 4. The ocean shows a marked pattern of salinity changes in multidecadal observations, with surface and subsurface patterns providing clear evidence of water cycle amplification over the ocean. That is manifested in enhanced salinities in the near-surface, high-salinity subtropical regions and freshening in the low-salinity regions such as the West Pacific Warm Pool and the poles. 5. An increase in atmospheric CO2 levels, and a subsequent increase in carbon in the oceans, has changed the chemistry of the oceans to include changes to pH and aragonite saturation. A more carbon-enriched marine environment, especially when coupled with other environmental stressors, has been demonstrated through field studies and experiments to have negative impacts on a wide range of organisms, in particular those that form calcium carbonate shells, and alter biodiversity and ecosystem structure. 6. Decades of oxygen observations allow for robust trend analyses. Long-term measurements have shown decreases in dissolved oxygen concentrations for most ocean regions and the expansion of ... Book Part Ocean acidification Sea ice Instituto Español de Oceanografía: e-IEO Pacific
institution Open Polar
collection Instituto Español de Oceanografía: e-IEO
op_collection_id ftieo
language English
topic world ocean assessment
climate change
sea level
ocean circulation
sea temperature
ocean heat content
salinity
ocean acidification
dissolved oxygen
sea ice
knowledge gaps
spellingShingle world ocean assessment
climate change
sea level
ocean circulation
sea temperature
ocean heat content
salinity
ocean acidification
dissolved oxygen
sea ice
knowledge gaps
García-Soto, C. (Carlos)
Caesar, L. (Levke)
Cazenave, A.
Cheng, L.
Cheripka, Alicia
Durack, P. J.
Evans, K. (Karen)
Halpern, D.
Jewett, E. B.
Kim, S. Y.
Guancheng, L.
Rigor, Ignatius
Schmidtko, Sunke
Wang, J.
Zielinski, T. (Tymon)
World Ocean Assessment II, Chapter 05, Trends in the physical and chemical state of the ocean
topic_facet world ocean assessment
climate change
sea level
ocean circulation
sea temperature
ocean heat content
salinity
ocean acidification
dissolved oxygen
sea ice
knowledge gaps
description KEYNOTE POINTS 1. Thermal expansion from a warming ocean and land ice melt are the main causes of the accelerating global rise in the mean sea level. 2. Global warming is also affecting many circulation systems. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation has already weakened and will most likely continue to do so in the future. The impacts of ocean circulation changes include a regional rise in sea levels, changes in the nutrient distribution and carbon uptake of the ocean and feedbacks with the atmosphere, such as altering the distribution of precipitation. 3. More than 90 percent of the heat from global warming is stored in the global ocean. Oceans have exhibited robust warming since the 1950s from the surface to a depth of 2,000 m. The proportion of ocean heat content has more than doubled since the 1990s compared with long-term trends. Ocean warming can be seen in most of the global ocean, with a few regions exhibiting long-term cooling. 4. The ocean shows a marked pattern of salinity changes in multidecadal observations, with surface and subsurface patterns providing clear evidence of water cycle amplification over the ocean. That is manifested in enhanced salinities in the near-surface, high-salinity subtropical regions and freshening in the low-salinity regions such as the West Pacific Warm Pool and the poles. 5. An increase in atmospheric CO2 levels, and a subsequent increase in carbon in the oceans, has changed the chemistry of the oceans to include changes to pH and aragonite saturation. A more carbon-enriched marine environment, especially when coupled with other environmental stressors, has been demonstrated through field studies and experiments to have negative impacts on a wide range of organisms, in particular those that form calcium carbonate shells, and alter biodiversity and ecosystem structure. 6. Decades of oxygen observations allow for robust trend analyses. Long-term measurements have shown decreases in dissolved oxygen concentrations for most ocean regions and the expansion of ...
format Book Part
author García-Soto, C. (Carlos)
Caesar, L. (Levke)
Cazenave, A.
Cheng, L.
Cheripka, Alicia
Durack, P. J.
Evans, K. (Karen)
Halpern, D.
Jewett, E. B.
Kim, S. Y.
Guancheng, L.
Rigor, Ignatius
Schmidtko, Sunke
Wang, J.
Zielinski, T. (Tymon)
author_facet García-Soto, C. (Carlos)
Caesar, L. (Levke)
Cazenave, A.
Cheng, L.
Cheripka, Alicia
Durack, P. J.
Evans, K. (Karen)
Halpern, D.
Jewett, E. B.
Kim, S. Y.
Guancheng, L.
Rigor, Ignatius
Schmidtko, Sunke
Wang, J.
Zielinski, T. (Tymon)
author_sort García-Soto, C. (Carlos)
title World Ocean Assessment II, Chapter 05, Trends in the physical and chemical state of the ocean
title_short World Ocean Assessment II, Chapter 05, Trends in the physical and chemical state of the ocean
title_full World Ocean Assessment II, Chapter 05, Trends in the physical and chemical state of the ocean
title_fullStr World Ocean Assessment II, Chapter 05, Trends in the physical and chemical state of the ocean
title_full_unstemmed World Ocean Assessment II, Chapter 05, Trends in the physical and chemical state of the ocean
title_sort world ocean assessment ii, chapter 05, trends in the physical and chemical state of the ocean
publisher United Nations
publishDate 2021
url http://hdl.handle.net/10508/12066
geographic Pacific
geographic_facet Pacific
genre Ocean acidification
Sea ice
genre_facet Ocean acidification
Sea ice
op_relation https://www.un.org/regularprocess/sites/www.un.org.regularprocess/files/2011859-e-woa-ii-vol-i.pdf
978-92-1-1-130422-0
http://hdl.handle.net/10508/12066
The Second World Ocean Assessment. Volume I. (ed.). United Nations. New York. 2021. 570 pp: 83-110
op_rights Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/
openAccess
op_rightsnorm CC-BY-NC-ND
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