Ugljik u lebdećim česticama u zraku

• Main Author: Godec, Ranka; Institut za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada, Zagreb, Hrvatska; [e-mail]
• Format: Text
• Language: Croatian
• Published: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health 2008
• Subjects: elementarni ugljik (EC); OC/EC-omjer; organski ugljik (OC); PM2,5; PM10; ukupni ugljik (UC); elemental carbon (EC); organic carbon (OC); OC/EC ratio; PM2.5; total carbon (TC); ice core
• Online Access: http://hrcak.srce.hr/29565; http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/46477

Ugljik (lat. carbo) u elementarnom stanju pojavljuje se kao dijamant, grafit, fuleren i crni amorfni ugljik. Crni amorfni ugljik nalazi se i u lebdećim česticama u atmosferi, a glavni oblici su: elementarni (EC), organski (OC) i karbonatni (CC) ugljik. Atmosferske čestice ugljika emitiraju se iz više od 70 različitih vrsta izvora onečišćenja zraka. EC je primarni onečišćivač koji nastaje nepotpunim izgaranjem fosilnih i biljnih goriva, a pojavljuje se još i kao čestice čađe te ga nalazimo i u sedimentima, tlima i ledu. Mnoga kvantitativna određivanja EC temelje se na njegovoj kemijskoj inertnosti, termičkoj stabilnosti i optičkim svojstvima. Organski spojevi kao što su policiklički aromatski ugljikovodici (PAU), poliklorirani bifenili (PCB), poliklorirani dibenzo-p-dioksini i furani, polibromirani difenileteri te druga organska onečišćenja nastaju procesima izgaranja i stvaranja sekundarnih organskih aerosola, a ubrajaju se u organski ugljik (OC). Svrha je članka opisati različite oblike ugljika u lebdećim česticama u zraku, njihov negativni učinak na zdravlje ljudi, klimu i atmosferu te opisati metode za njihovo određivanje. Carbon (Latin carbo) in elemental form appears as diamond, graphite, fullerene, and black amorphous carbon. Black amorphous carbon can be found in atmospheric aerosols and its main forms are elemental (EC), organic (OC), and carbonate (CC) carbon. Atmospheric carbon particles are transmitted through more than 70 sources of air pollutants. Elemental carbon is the primary pollutant, which results from incomplete combustion of fossil and biomass fuels. It also appears as soot, in sediment, soil, and ice core. Many quantitative determinations of elemental carbon are based on its chemical inertness, thermal stability, and visual features. Organic carbon includes organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo–p-dioxins and furans, polybrominated diphenylethers, and other organic pollutants are the products of combustion and formation of secondary organic aerosols. The aim of this paper was to describe different forms of carbon in the atmosphere, how they affect people, climate, and the atmosphere, and to give an overview of different methods for their determination.