Klanje životinja, osnivanje klaonica i nadzor nad mesom kroz povijest do 19. stoljeća

• Main Authors: Džaja, Petar, Severin, Krešimir, Palić, Magdalena, Grbavac, Jozo, Zdolec, Nevio
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: Croatian
• Published: Croatian Veterinary Association/Chamber, University of Zagreb Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 2020
• Subjects: klaonica; meso; nadzor nad mesom; mesarski ceh; povijest; slaughterhouse; meat; meat inspection; butchers’ guilds; history; Babylon; Slaughter; sami
• Online Access: https://hrcak.srce.hr/245244; https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/356320

Prve podatke o klanju životinja, mjestu klanja i pregledu mesa nalazimo u starih Egipćana, Židova, Feničana, Grka, Rimljana i drugih naroda, koji su tada bili usko povezani s njihovim običajima i vjerskim uvjerenjima. U starom je Babilonu mesarski obrt bio ozakonjen te je bila propisana prodajna cijena mesa. Klanje životinja obavljalo se u hramovima, trgovima, forumima i u specijalnim prostorijama. U starom su Egiptu i Rimu klanje obavljali svećenici, koje će kasnije zamijeniti trgovci. Pregled mesa u starom Egiptu i Židovskoj državi obavljali su svećenici, u Grčkoj specijalni činovnici, u početku Rimskog Carstva administrativni činovnici, a poslije inspector lanionius, tj. nadzornik mesarstva. Karlo Veliki (800. – 814.) donio je propise o mesarskom obrtu, a francuski kralj Henrik III (1551. – 1589.) 1577. dozvolio je mesarima da sami iz svoje sredine biraju pregledače mesa. U pojedinim njemačkim gradovima već od 1582. nailazimo na naredbe po kojima životinje prije klanja pregledava tročlana komisija i nakon pregleda mesa određuje je li meso za prodaju ili nije. Od. 1660. u Njemačkoj je uvedena klaonička kontrolna knjiga. Prva klaonica podignuta je 977. u La Girondeu u Francuskoj, zatim 1189. u Hamburgu, a od 13. st. u Njemačkoj nalazimo korporativne klaonice kuttelhäuser u kojima se pregledavaju životinje i meso. U Oxfordu je 1338. podignuta klaonica u Engleskoj u kojoj postoji mesarski ceh od 1080. godine. Mletačke su vlasti u 18. st. zabranile konzumaciju mesa bolesnih životinja pod prijetnjom smrtne kazne. Feničani nisu jeli svinjsko i goveđe meso, ali su jako cijenili pseće meso. Egipćani nisu jeli ni kravlje ni svinjsko meso, a konzumacija psećeg mesa, kao i u Kartagi, bila je strogo zabranjena. Za Egipćane je krava bila sveta životinja, dok su svinju smatrali najnečistijom životinjom. To će poslije prihvatiti i Židovi te mnogi narodi islamske vjeroispovijesti. Perzijanci, Grci, Rimljani, Gali i Franci jeli su meso kopitara. Stari Egipćani i Židovi smatrali su konjsko meso nečistim, no poslije je Muhamed svojim pristašama preporučivao konjsko meso, uz zabranu konzumiranja magarećeg mesa. Grci i Rimljani razlikovali su se od ostalih naroda jer su jeli svinjetinu. Nomadski narodi Tatari, Kirgizi te Kinezi i Kalmike jeli su konjsko meso. Prve podatke o pregledu stoke i mesa za klanje, koji su bili u uskoj vezi s vjerskim uvjerenjima i običajima, nalazimo kod starih civilizacija u Egiptu, Izraelu i u Feničana. The first data on the slaughter of animals, the place of slaughter and the inspection of meat were found at the time of the ancient Egyptians, Jews, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans and other peoples, who were then closely connected with their customs and religious beliefs. In ancient Babylon, the butcher's trade was legalized and the selling price of meat was prescribed. Animals were slaughtered in temples, squares, forums and in special rooms. In ancient Egypt and Rome, slaughter was performed by priests, who would later be replaced by merchants. The inspection of meat in ancient Egypt and the Jewish state was performed by priests, by special officials in Greece, at the beginning of the Roman Empire by administrative officials, and later by the inspector lanionius, i.e the butcher's supervisor. Charlemagne (800-814) passed regulations on the butcher's trade, and in 1577 King Henry III of France (1551-1589) allowed butchers to choose meat inspectors from among themselves. In some German cities, as early as 1582, we come across orders according to which animals are inspected by a three-member commission before slaughter, and after the inspection of meat they determine whether the meat is for sale or not. From 1660, a slaughterhouse record book was introduced in Germany. The first slaughterhouse was built in 977 in La Gironde, France, then in 1189 in Hamburg, and from the 13th century in Germany we find corporate slaughterhouses known as “kuttelhäuser”, in which the animals and meat were examined. A slaughterhouse was built in Oxford, England, in 1338, where a butcher's guild has existed since 1080. In the 18th century the Venetian authorities banned the consumption of meat from sick animals under threat of the death penalty. The Phoenicians did not eat pork and beef, but they highly valued dog meat. The Egyptians ate neither cow nor pork, and the consumption of dog meat, as in Carthage, was strictly forbidden. For the Egyptians, the cow was a sacred animal, while the pig was considered the most unclean animal. This was later accepted by the Jews, and many peoples of the Islamic faith. The Persians, Greeks, Romans, Gauls and French ate ungulate meat. The ancient Egyptians and Jews considered horse meat unclean, but later Muhammad recommended horse meat to his followers, with a ban on consuming donkey meat. The Greeks and Romans differed from other peoples in that they ate pork. The nomadic peoples, the Tatars, Kyrgyz, the Chinese and Kalmyks ate horse meat. The first data on the examination of cattle and meat for slaughter, which were closely related to religious beliefs and customs, are found in ancient civilizations in Egypt, Israel, and in the Phoenicians.