Ecological determinants of clinal morphological variation in the cranium of the North American gray wolf
The gray wolf ( Canis lupus ) exhibits both genetic and morphologic clinal variation across North America. Although shape variation in wolf populations has been documented, no study has been made to exhaustively quantify it, or to correlate morphologic variation with environmental variables. This st...
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fthighwire:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmammal:94/6/1223 2023-05-15T15:50:31+02:00 Ecological determinants of clinal morphological variation in the cranium of the North American gray wolf O'Keefe, F. Robin Meachen, Julie Fet, Elizabeth V. Brannick, Alexandria 2013-12-16 00:00:00.0 text/html http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/94/6/1223 https://doi.org/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-069 en eng Oxford University Press http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/94/6/1223 http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-069 Copyright (C) 2013, Oxford University Press Feature Articles TEXT 2013 fthighwire https://doi.org/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-069 2016-11-16T19:02:46Z The gray wolf ( Canis lupus ) exhibits both genetic and morphologic clinal variation across North America. Although shape variation in wolf populations has been documented, no study has been made to exhaustively quantify it, or to correlate morphologic variation with environmental variables. This study utilizes a large historical database of wolf skull linear measurements to analyze shape, and attempts to correlate it with wolf ecology. A variety of statistical tests are employed; size and shape are examined through a principal component analysis and a calculation of allometry vectors. Multiple regression analysis (both global and stepwise) are then used to test the resulting principal components against various biotic and abiotic factors. In addition, the effects of sexual dimorphism and taxonomy on morphology are explored through 1-way analysis of variance and canonical variates analysis, respectively. Several patterns are revealed, including size increase with latitude in accord with Bergmann's rule. Static allometry is significant, the fundamental pattern being a decrease in the robusticity of the basicranium relative to the viscerocranium. Sexual dimorphism, allometry, and a correlation with precipitation are other key factors driving morphological variation. Examination of these patterns has allowed us to make conclusions about the direct and indirect ways the environment has affected clinal variation in wolves. Text Canis lupus gray wolf HighWire Press (Stanford University) Journal of Mammalogy 94 6 1223 1236 |
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English |
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Feature Articles |
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Feature Articles O'Keefe, F. Robin Meachen, Julie Fet, Elizabeth V. Brannick, Alexandria Ecological determinants of clinal morphological variation in the cranium of the North American gray wolf |
topic_facet |
Feature Articles |
description |
The gray wolf ( Canis lupus ) exhibits both genetic and morphologic clinal variation across North America. Although shape variation in wolf populations has been documented, no study has been made to exhaustively quantify it, or to correlate morphologic variation with environmental variables. This study utilizes a large historical database of wolf skull linear measurements to analyze shape, and attempts to correlate it with wolf ecology. A variety of statistical tests are employed; size and shape are examined through a principal component analysis and a calculation of allometry vectors. Multiple regression analysis (both global and stepwise) are then used to test the resulting principal components against various biotic and abiotic factors. In addition, the effects of sexual dimorphism and taxonomy on morphology are explored through 1-way analysis of variance and canonical variates analysis, respectively. Several patterns are revealed, including size increase with latitude in accord with Bergmann's rule. Static allometry is significant, the fundamental pattern being a decrease in the robusticity of the basicranium relative to the viscerocranium. Sexual dimorphism, allometry, and a correlation with precipitation are other key factors driving morphological variation. Examination of these patterns has allowed us to make conclusions about the direct and indirect ways the environment has affected clinal variation in wolves. |
format |
Text |
author |
O'Keefe, F. Robin Meachen, Julie Fet, Elizabeth V. Brannick, Alexandria |
author_facet |
O'Keefe, F. Robin Meachen, Julie Fet, Elizabeth V. Brannick, Alexandria |
author_sort |
O'Keefe, F. Robin |
title |
Ecological determinants of clinal morphological variation in the cranium of the North American gray wolf |
title_short |
Ecological determinants of clinal morphological variation in the cranium of the North American gray wolf |
title_full |
Ecological determinants of clinal morphological variation in the cranium of the North American gray wolf |
title_fullStr |
Ecological determinants of clinal morphological variation in the cranium of the North American gray wolf |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ecological determinants of clinal morphological variation in the cranium of the North American gray wolf |
title_sort |
ecological determinants of clinal morphological variation in the cranium of the north american gray wolf |
publisher |
Oxford University Press |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/94/6/1223 https://doi.org/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-069 |
genre |
Canis lupus gray wolf |
genre_facet |
Canis lupus gray wolf |
op_relation |
http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/94/6/1223 http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-069 |
op_rights |
Copyright (C) 2013, Oxford University Press |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-069 |
container_title |
Journal of Mammalogy |
container_volume |
94 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
1223 |
op_container_end_page |
1236 |
_version_ |
1766385480400633856 |