Chemical Composition of Lick Soils: Functions of Soil Ingestion by Four Ungulate Species
Perspectives on the importance of natural salt licks to ungulates have been broadened beyond the role of providing sodium. This study examined the chemical compositions of wet and dry licks in north-central British Columbia, and defined the benefits of licks to elk ( Cervus elaphus ), moose ( Alces...
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2006
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fthighwire:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jmammal:87/5/878 2023-05-15T13:13:36+02:00 Chemical Composition of Lick Soils: Functions of Soil Ingestion by Four Ungulate Species Ayotte, Jeremy B. Parker, Katherine L. Arocena, Joselito M. Gillingham, Michael P. 2006-10-17 00:00:00.0 text/html http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/87/5/878 https://doi.org/10.1644/06-MAMM-A-055R1.1 en eng Oxford University Press http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/87/5/878 http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/06-MAMM-A-055R1.1 Copyright (C) 2006, Oxford University Press Feature Articles TEXT 2006 fthighwire https://doi.org/10.1644/06-MAMM-A-055R1.1 2016-11-16T18:33:56Z Perspectives on the importance of natural salt licks to ungulates have been broadened beyond the role of providing sodium. This study examined the chemical compositions of wet and dry licks in north-central British Columbia, and defined the benefits of licks to elk ( Cervus elaphus ), moose ( Alces alces ), Stone's sheep ( Ovis dalli stonei ), and mountain goats ( Oreamnos americanus ). We analyzed soils for buffering compounds (carbonates) and estimated available elements from extractions with solutions at a low, digestive-tract pH. Even though the 2 types of licks are visually distinct, with different concentrations of chemical components, they serve similar functions as concentrated sources of sodium, carbonates, magnesium, and sulfate. Sodium and sulfate concentrations were typically higher at both wet and dry licks than control sites. Carbonates and magnesium were elevated in soils from dry licks and magnesium also was high in inflow waters to wet licks. We estimated elemental intake by ungulates from the composition of forage samples. Forages used by all 4 ungulate species were too low in sodium to meet requirements. Spring and summer forages contained high potassium levels. Licks in our study, therefore, provide ungulates with supplemental sources of sodium that are particularly beneficial to offset increasing demands during lactation and with carbonates to help stabilize rumen pH after forage changes in spring. Supplemental sources of magnesium may be actively sought by ungulates when high levels of dietary potassium affect absorption. To assess the importance of clay in soils ingested at licks, we determined the clay mineral types at licks and compared the buffering capacity of clay-filled fecal material collected at licks with fecal material collected away from licks. Further studies are needed to define the roles of clay in improving forage palatability and digestibility. Text Alces alces HighWire Press (Stanford University) Journal of Mammalogy 87 5 878 888 |
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Feature Articles |
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Feature Articles Ayotte, Jeremy B. Parker, Katherine L. Arocena, Joselito M. Gillingham, Michael P. Chemical Composition of Lick Soils: Functions of Soil Ingestion by Four Ungulate Species |
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Feature Articles |
description |
Perspectives on the importance of natural salt licks to ungulates have been broadened beyond the role of providing sodium. This study examined the chemical compositions of wet and dry licks in north-central British Columbia, and defined the benefits of licks to elk ( Cervus elaphus ), moose ( Alces alces ), Stone's sheep ( Ovis dalli stonei ), and mountain goats ( Oreamnos americanus ). We analyzed soils for buffering compounds (carbonates) and estimated available elements from extractions with solutions at a low, digestive-tract pH. Even though the 2 types of licks are visually distinct, with different concentrations of chemical components, they serve similar functions as concentrated sources of sodium, carbonates, magnesium, and sulfate. Sodium and sulfate concentrations were typically higher at both wet and dry licks than control sites. Carbonates and magnesium were elevated in soils from dry licks and magnesium also was high in inflow waters to wet licks. We estimated elemental intake by ungulates from the composition of forage samples. Forages used by all 4 ungulate species were too low in sodium to meet requirements. Spring and summer forages contained high potassium levels. Licks in our study, therefore, provide ungulates with supplemental sources of sodium that are particularly beneficial to offset increasing demands during lactation and with carbonates to help stabilize rumen pH after forage changes in spring. Supplemental sources of magnesium may be actively sought by ungulates when high levels of dietary potassium affect absorption. To assess the importance of clay in soils ingested at licks, we determined the clay mineral types at licks and compared the buffering capacity of clay-filled fecal material collected at licks with fecal material collected away from licks. Further studies are needed to define the roles of clay in improving forage palatability and digestibility. |
format |
Text |
author |
Ayotte, Jeremy B. Parker, Katherine L. Arocena, Joselito M. Gillingham, Michael P. |
author_facet |
Ayotte, Jeremy B. Parker, Katherine L. Arocena, Joselito M. Gillingham, Michael P. |
author_sort |
Ayotte, Jeremy B. |
title |
Chemical Composition of Lick Soils: Functions of Soil Ingestion by Four Ungulate Species |
title_short |
Chemical Composition of Lick Soils: Functions of Soil Ingestion by Four Ungulate Species |
title_full |
Chemical Composition of Lick Soils: Functions of Soil Ingestion by Four Ungulate Species |
title_fullStr |
Chemical Composition of Lick Soils: Functions of Soil Ingestion by Four Ungulate Species |
title_full_unstemmed |
Chemical Composition of Lick Soils: Functions of Soil Ingestion by Four Ungulate Species |
title_sort |
chemical composition of lick soils: functions of soil ingestion by four ungulate species |
publisher |
Oxford University Press |
publishDate |
2006 |
url |
http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/87/5/878 https://doi.org/10.1644/06-MAMM-A-055R1.1 |
genre |
Alces alces |
genre_facet |
Alces alces |
op_relation |
http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/87/5/878 http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/06-MAMM-A-055R1.1 |
op_rights |
Copyright (C) 2006, Oxford University Press |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1644/06-MAMM-A-055R1.1 |
container_title |
Journal of Mammalogy |
container_volume |
87 |
container_issue |
5 |
container_start_page |
878 |
op_container_end_page |
888 |
_version_ |
1766259349851734016 |