Freezing resistance of antifreeze-deficient larval Antarctic fish
Antarctic notothenioids, along with many other polar marine fishes, have evolved biological antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to survive in their icy environments. The larvae of Antarctic notothenioid fish hatch into the same frigid environment inhabited by the adults, suggesting that they must also be pro...
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fthighwire:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jexbio:209/3/407 2023-05-15T13:48:16+02:00 Freezing resistance of antifreeze-deficient larval Antarctic fish Cziko, Paul A. Evans, Clive W. Cheng, Chi-Hing C. DeVries, Arthur L. 2006-02-01 00:00:00.0 text/html http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/209/3/407 https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02008 en eng Company of Biologists http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/209/3/407 http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02008 Copyright (C) 2006, Company of Biologists Research Article TEXT 2006 fthighwire https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02008 2015-02-28T19:03:37Z Antarctic notothenioids, along with many other polar marine fishes, have evolved biological antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to survive in their icy environments. The larvae of Antarctic notothenioid fish hatch into the same frigid environment inhabited by the adults, suggesting that they must also be protected by sufficient AFPs, but this has never been verified. We have determined the contribution of AFPs to the freezing resistance of the larvae of three species: Gymnodraco acuticeps, Pagothenia borchgrevinki and Pleuragramma antarcticum . Of the three, only P. borchgrevinki larvae are protected by high, adult levels of AFPs. Hatchling G. acuticeps and P. antarcticum have drastically inadequate AFP concentrations to avoid freezing at the ambient seawater temperature (-1.91°C). We raised G. acuticeps larvae and measured the AFP levels in their blood for ∼5 months post hatching. Larval serum freezing point was -1.34±0.04°C at the time of hatch; it began to decrease only after 30 days post hatch (d.p.h.), and finally reached the adult value (-2.61±0.03°C) by 147 d.p.h. Additionally, AFP concentrations in their intestinal fluids were very low at hatching, and did not increase with age throughout a sampling period of 84 d.p.h. Surviving in a freezing environment without adequate AFP protection suggests that other mechanisms of larval freezing resistance exist. Accordingly, we found that G. acuticeps hatchlings survived to -3.6±0.1°C while in contact with external ice, but only survived to -1.5±0.0°C when ice was artificially introduced into their tissues. P. antarcticum larvae were similarly resistant to organismal freezing. The gills of all three species were found to be underdeveloped at the time of hatch, minimizing the risk of ice introduction through these delicate structures. Thus, an intact integument, underdeveloped gill structures and other physical barriers to ice propagation may contribute significantly to the freezing resistance and survival of these larval fishes in the icy conditions of the Southern Ocean. Text Antarc* Antarctic Southern Ocean HighWire Press (Stanford University) Antarctic Southern Ocean Journal of Experimental Biology 209 3 407 420 |
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HighWire Press (Stanford University) |
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English |
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Research Article Cziko, Paul A. Evans, Clive W. Cheng, Chi-Hing C. DeVries, Arthur L. Freezing resistance of antifreeze-deficient larval Antarctic fish |
topic_facet |
Research Article |
description |
Antarctic notothenioids, along with many other polar marine fishes, have evolved biological antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to survive in their icy environments. The larvae of Antarctic notothenioid fish hatch into the same frigid environment inhabited by the adults, suggesting that they must also be protected by sufficient AFPs, but this has never been verified. We have determined the contribution of AFPs to the freezing resistance of the larvae of three species: Gymnodraco acuticeps, Pagothenia borchgrevinki and Pleuragramma antarcticum . Of the three, only P. borchgrevinki larvae are protected by high, adult levels of AFPs. Hatchling G. acuticeps and P. antarcticum have drastically inadequate AFP concentrations to avoid freezing at the ambient seawater temperature (-1.91°C). We raised G. acuticeps larvae and measured the AFP levels in their blood for ∼5 months post hatching. Larval serum freezing point was -1.34±0.04°C at the time of hatch; it began to decrease only after 30 days post hatch (d.p.h.), and finally reached the adult value (-2.61±0.03°C) by 147 d.p.h. Additionally, AFP concentrations in their intestinal fluids were very low at hatching, and did not increase with age throughout a sampling period of 84 d.p.h. Surviving in a freezing environment without adequate AFP protection suggests that other mechanisms of larval freezing resistance exist. Accordingly, we found that G. acuticeps hatchlings survived to -3.6±0.1°C while in contact with external ice, but only survived to -1.5±0.0°C when ice was artificially introduced into their tissues. P. antarcticum larvae were similarly resistant to organismal freezing. The gills of all three species were found to be underdeveloped at the time of hatch, minimizing the risk of ice introduction through these delicate structures. Thus, an intact integument, underdeveloped gill structures and other physical barriers to ice propagation may contribute significantly to the freezing resistance and survival of these larval fishes in the icy conditions of the Southern Ocean. |
format |
Text |
author |
Cziko, Paul A. Evans, Clive W. Cheng, Chi-Hing C. DeVries, Arthur L. |
author_facet |
Cziko, Paul A. Evans, Clive W. Cheng, Chi-Hing C. DeVries, Arthur L. |
author_sort |
Cziko, Paul A. |
title |
Freezing resistance of antifreeze-deficient larval Antarctic fish |
title_short |
Freezing resistance of antifreeze-deficient larval Antarctic fish |
title_full |
Freezing resistance of antifreeze-deficient larval Antarctic fish |
title_fullStr |
Freezing resistance of antifreeze-deficient larval Antarctic fish |
title_full_unstemmed |
Freezing resistance of antifreeze-deficient larval Antarctic fish |
title_sort |
freezing resistance of antifreeze-deficient larval antarctic fish |
publisher |
Company of Biologists |
publishDate |
2006 |
url |
http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/209/3/407 https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02008 |
geographic |
Antarctic Southern Ocean |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic Southern Ocean |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Southern Ocean |
op_relation |
http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/209/3/407 http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02008 |
op_rights |
Copyright (C) 2006, Company of Biologists |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02008 |
container_title |
Journal of Experimental Biology |
container_volume |
209 |
container_issue |
3 |
container_start_page |
407 |
op_container_end_page |
420 |
_version_ |
1766249048641110016 |