Image_2_Recent Freshening, Warming, and Contraction of the Antarctic Bottom Water in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean.tif
High saline and cold Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) forms around the continental margin of Antarctica that ventilates into the global ocean. To study the recent changes in AABW, we have analyzed the in situ observations collected from Indian Ocean expeditions to the Southern Ocean during 2010, 2011,...
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ftfrontimediafig:oai:figshare.com:article/17036711 2023-05-15T13:53:14+02:00 Image_2_Recent Freshening, Warming, and Contraction of the Antarctic Bottom Water in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean.tif N Anilkumar Babula Jena Jenson V. George Sabu P Kshitija S M Ravichandran 2021-11-18T04:16:21Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.730630.s002 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Image_2_Recent_Freshening_Warming_and_Contraction_of_the_Antarctic_Bottom_Water_in_the_Indian_Sector_of_the_Southern_Ocean_tif/17036711 unknown doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.730630.s002 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Image_2_Recent_Freshening_Warming_and_Contraction_of_the_Antarctic_Bottom_Water_in_the_Indian_Sector_of_the_Southern_Ocean_tif/17036711 CC BY 4.0 CC-BY Oceanography Marine Biology Marine Geoscience Biological Oceanography Chemical Oceanography Physical Oceanography Marine Engineering Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) freshening contraction Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) sea ice Image Figure 2021 ftfrontimediafig https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.730630.s002 2021-11-25T00:05:15Z High saline and cold Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) forms around the continental margin of Antarctica that ventilates into the global ocean. To study the recent changes in AABW, we have analyzed the in situ observations collected from Indian Ocean expeditions to the Southern Ocean during 2010, 2011, 2017, 2018, and 2020. A comprehensive analysis of these observations indicated recent freshening, warming, and contraction in the layer thickness of the AABW. Even though the AABW depicted inter-annual variability, it changed to moderately fresher and lighter water mass at the end of the recent decade. The characteristics of AABW exhibited a contraction in its layer thickness (∼50–120 m) during recent years. The water mass showed its freshening (∼0.002) and warming (∼0.04°C) tendency from 2018 to 2020. The recent warming (∼0.3°C) of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) near the Prydz Bay suggests enhanced melting of ice shelves. It is hypothesized that the combined influences of onshore intrusion of warm CDW, upper ocean warming, sea ice decline, wind forcing, polynya, and calving events possibly caused the freshening and reduction in the thickness of AABW. The continued changes in the ocean-atmospheric environmental conditions and the subsequent changes in the bottom water characteristics likely influence the global climate, overturning circulation, and the biogeochemical cycle. Still Image Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Ice Shelves Prydz Bay Sea ice Southern Ocean Frontiers: Figshare Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic Prydz Bay Indian |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Frontiers: Figshare |
op_collection_id |
ftfrontimediafig |
language |
unknown |
topic |
Oceanography Marine Biology Marine Geoscience Biological Oceanography Chemical Oceanography Physical Oceanography Marine Engineering Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) freshening contraction Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) sea ice |
spellingShingle |
Oceanography Marine Biology Marine Geoscience Biological Oceanography Chemical Oceanography Physical Oceanography Marine Engineering Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) freshening contraction Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) sea ice N Anilkumar Babula Jena Jenson V. George Sabu P Kshitija S M Ravichandran Image_2_Recent Freshening, Warming, and Contraction of the Antarctic Bottom Water in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean.tif |
topic_facet |
Oceanography Marine Biology Marine Geoscience Biological Oceanography Chemical Oceanography Physical Oceanography Marine Engineering Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) freshening contraction Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) sea ice |
description |
High saline and cold Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) forms around the continental margin of Antarctica that ventilates into the global ocean. To study the recent changes in AABW, we have analyzed the in situ observations collected from Indian Ocean expeditions to the Southern Ocean during 2010, 2011, 2017, 2018, and 2020. A comprehensive analysis of these observations indicated recent freshening, warming, and contraction in the layer thickness of the AABW. Even though the AABW depicted inter-annual variability, it changed to moderately fresher and lighter water mass at the end of the recent decade. The characteristics of AABW exhibited a contraction in its layer thickness (∼50–120 m) during recent years. The water mass showed its freshening (∼0.002) and warming (∼0.04°C) tendency from 2018 to 2020. The recent warming (∼0.3°C) of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) near the Prydz Bay suggests enhanced melting of ice shelves. It is hypothesized that the combined influences of onshore intrusion of warm CDW, upper ocean warming, sea ice decline, wind forcing, polynya, and calving events possibly caused the freshening and reduction in the thickness of AABW. The continued changes in the ocean-atmospheric environmental conditions and the subsequent changes in the bottom water characteristics likely influence the global climate, overturning circulation, and the biogeochemical cycle. |
format |
Still Image |
author |
N Anilkumar Babula Jena Jenson V. George Sabu P Kshitija S M Ravichandran |
author_facet |
N Anilkumar Babula Jena Jenson V. George Sabu P Kshitija S M Ravichandran |
author_sort |
N Anilkumar |
title |
Image_2_Recent Freshening, Warming, and Contraction of the Antarctic Bottom Water in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean.tif |
title_short |
Image_2_Recent Freshening, Warming, and Contraction of the Antarctic Bottom Water in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean.tif |
title_full |
Image_2_Recent Freshening, Warming, and Contraction of the Antarctic Bottom Water in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean.tif |
title_fullStr |
Image_2_Recent Freshening, Warming, and Contraction of the Antarctic Bottom Water in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean.tif |
title_full_unstemmed |
Image_2_Recent Freshening, Warming, and Contraction of the Antarctic Bottom Water in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean.tif |
title_sort |
image_2_recent freshening, warming, and contraction of the antarctic bottom water in the indian sector of the southern ocean.tif |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.730630.s002 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Image_2_Recent_Freshening_Warming_and_Contraction_of_the_Antarctic_Bottom_Water_in_the_Indian_Sector_of_the_Southern_Ocean_tif/17036711 |
geographic |
Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic Prydz Bay Indian |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic Prydz Bay Indian |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Ice Shelves Prydz Bay Sea ice Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Ice Shelves Prydz Bay Sea ice Southern Ocean |
op_relation |
doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.730630.s002 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Image_2_Recent_Freshening_Warming_and_Contraction_of_the_Antarctic_Bottom_Water_in_the_Indian_Sector_of_the_Southern_Ocean_tif/17036711 |
op_rights |
CC BY 4.0 |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.730630.s002 |
_version_ |
1766258200302059520 |