Image_2_Fluorescent Microplastic Uptake by Immune Cells of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.).JPEG
The ubiquitous presence of microplastics and their marine ecotoxicity are major public concerns. Microplastics are ingested accidentally by the marine fauna or are taken up indirectly through the food chain. These particles can accumulate in cells and tissues and affect the normal biological functio...
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ftfrontimediafig:oai:figshare.com:article/13264139 2023-05-15T15:30:52+02:00 Image_2_Fluorescent Microplastic Uptake by Immune Cells of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.).JPEG Isabel S. Abihssira-García Youngjin Park Viswanath Kiron Pål A. Olsvik 2020-11-20T04:24:37Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.560206.s003 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Image_2_Fluorescent_Microplastic_Uptake_by_Immune_Cells_of_Atlantic_Salmon_Salmo_salar_L_JPEG/13264139 unknown doi:10.3389/fenvs.2020.560206.s003 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Image_2_Fluorescent_Microplastic_Uptake_by_Immune_Cells_of_Atlantic_Salmon_Salmo_salar_L_JPEG/13264139 CC BY 4.0 CC-BY Environmental Science Climate Science Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Management Soil Biology Water Treatment Processes Environmental Engineering Design Environmental Engineering Modelling Environmental Technologies microplastic (MP) ecotoxicology phagocytosis imaging flow cytometry (IFC) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) polystyrene (PS) polyethylene (PE) immune cells Image Figure 2020 ftfrontimediafig https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.560206.s003 2020-11-25T23:58:02Z The ubiquitous presence of microplastics and their marine ecotoxicity are major public concerns. Microplastics are ingested accidentally by the marine fauna or are taken up indirectly through the food chain. These particles can accumulate in cells and tissues and affect the normal biological functions of organisms, including their defense mechanisms. There is limited information available about the response of immune cells to microplastics; the degree of uptake by the cells, the response of different organs or the impact of environmental concentrations of microplastic are matters that remain unclear. Moreover, very little is known about the toxicity of different polymer types. This study aimed to shed light on the physical impact of small microplastics (1–5 μm) on cells from Atlantic salmon. Immune cells from intestine, blood, and head kidney were exposed to green fluorescent polyethylene microplastic (PE-MP), yellow fluorescent polystyrene microplastic (PS-MP) and both. High (50 mg/L), medium (5 mg/L), and low (0.05 mg/L) concentrations were tested for 1, 24, 48, and 72 h to study cell mortality and microplastic uptake. Quantitative data of microplastic uptake by fish immune cells were obtained for the first time by imaging flow cytometry. Salmon immune cells showed a relatively low ability to phagocytose microplastics. Less than 6% of the cells ingested the particles after 48 h of exposure to high concentrations. Cells also phagocytosed microplastics at low concentrations although at low rates (<0.1%). PE-MPs was phagocytosed by higher percentage of cells compared to PS-MPs and the former bioaccumulated in time while the latter decreased over time. However, each cell generally phagocytosed more PS-MPs particles than PE-MPs. Cells from different tissues showed different responses to the microplastic polymers. In conclusion, this study shows that immune cells of Atlantic salmon can phagocytose microplastics, and the impact is dependent on the microplastic type. PE-MPs, the most abundant polymer in the oceans ... Still Image Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Frontiers: Figshare |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Frontiers: Figshare |
op_collection_id |
ftfrontimediafig |
language |
unknown |
topic |
Environmental Science Climate Science Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Management Soil Biology Water Treatment Processes Environmental Engineering Design Environmental Engineering Modelling Environmental Technologies microplastic (MP) ecotoxicology phagocytosis imaging flow cytometry (IFC) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) polystyrene (PS) polyethylene (PE) immune cells |
spellingShingle |
Environmental Science Climate Science Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Management Soil Biology Water Treatment Processes Environmental Engineering Design Environmental Engineering Modelling Environmental Technologies microplastic (MP) ecotoxicology phagocytosis imaging flow cytometry (IFC) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) polystyrene (PS) polyethylene (PE) immune cells Isabel S. Abihssira-García Youngjin Park Viswanath Kiron Pål A. Olsvik Image_2_Fluorescent Microplastic Uptake by Immune Cells of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.).JPEG |
topic_facet |
Environmental Science Climate Science Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Management Soil Biology Water Treatment Processes Environmental Engineering Design Environmental Engineering Modelling Environmental Technologies microplastic (MP) ecotoxicology phagocytosis imaging flow cytometry (IFC) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) polystyrene (PS) polyethylene (PE) immune cells |
description |
The ubiquitous presence of microplastics and their marine ecotoxicity are major public concerns. Microplastics are ingested accidentally by the marine fauna or are taken up indirectly through the food chain. These particles can accumulate in cells and tissues and affect the normal biological functions of organisms, including their defense mechanisms. There is limited information available about the response of immune cells to microplastics; the degree of uptake by the cells, the response of different organs or the impact of environmental concentrations of microplastic are matters that remain unclear. Moreover, very little is known about the toxicity of different polymer types. This study aimed to shed light on the physical impact of small microplastics (1–5 μm) on cells from Atlantic salmon. Immune cells from intestine, blood, and head kidney were exposed to green fluorescent polyethylene microplastic (PE-MP), yellow fluorescent polystyrene microplastic (PS-MP) and both. High (50 mg/L), medium (5 mg/L), and low (0.05 mg/L) concentrations were tested for 1, 24, 48, and 72 h to study cell mortality and microplastic uptake. Quantitative data of microplastic uptake by fish immune cells were obtained for the first time by imaging flow cytometry. Salmon immune cells showed a relatively low ability to phagocytose microplastics. Less than 6% of the cells ingested the particles after 48 h of exposure to high concentrations. Cells also phagocytosed microplastics at low concentrations although at low rates (<0.1%). PE-MPs was phagocytosed by higher percentage of cells compared to PS-MPs and the former bioaccumulated in time while the latter decreased over time. However, each cell generally phagocytosed more PS-MPs particles than PE-MPs. Cells from different tissues showed different responses to the microplastic polymers. In conclusion, this study shows that immune cells of Atlantic salmon can phagocytose microplastics, and the impact is dependent on the microplastic type. PE-MPs, the most abundant polymer in the oceans ... |
format |
Still Image |
author |
Isabel S. Abihssira-García Youngjin Park Viswanath Kiron Pål A. Olsvik |
author_facet |
Isabel S. Abihssira-García Youngjin Park Viswanath Kiron Pål A. Olsvik |
author_sort |
Isabel S. Abihssira-García |
title |
Image_2_Fluorescent Microplastic Uptake by Immune Cells of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.).JPEG |
title_short |
Image_2_Fluorescent Microplastic Uptake by Immune Cells of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.).JPEG |
title_full |
Image_2_Fluorescent Microplastic Uptake by Immune Cells of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.).JPEG |
title_fullStr |
Image_2_Fluorescent Microplastic Uptake by Immune Cells of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.).JPEG |
title_full_unstemmed |
Image_2_Fluorescent Microplastic Uptake by Immune Cells of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.).JPEG |
title_sort |
image_2_fluorescent microplastic uptake by immune cells of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.).jpeg |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.560206.s003 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Image_2_Fluorescent_Microplastic_Uptake_by_Immune_Cells_of_Atlantic_Salmon_Salmo_salar_L_JPEG/13264139 |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_relation |
doi:10.3389/fenvs.2020.560206.s003 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Image_2_Fluorescent_Microplastic_Uptake_by_Immune_Cells_of_Atlantic_Salmon_Salmo_salar_L_JPEG/13264139 |
op_rights |
CC BY 4.0 |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.560206.s003 |
_version_ |
1766361343608225792 |