“The Public Has The Right to be Protected From A Deadly Scourge”: Debating Quarantine, Migration and Liberal Governance during the 1847 Typhus Outbreak in Montreal

During the summer of 1847 the impact of famine, disease, and social upheaval in Ireland was felt in port cities across the North Atlantic World. As an important hub of commerce and migration, Montreal was deeply affected by these events. The arrival of thousands of Irish migrants, many of whom had c...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association
Main Author: Horner, Dan
Format: Text
Language:English
Published: The Canadian Historical Association / La Société historique du Canada 2012
Subjects:
Online Access:http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1015728ar
https://doi.org/10.7202/1015728ar
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Summary:During the summer of 1847 the impact of famine, disease, and social upheaval in Ireland was felt in port cities across the North Atlantic World. As an important hub of commerce and migration, Montreal was deeply affected by these events. The arrival of thousands of Irish migrants, many of whom had contracted typhus during their journey, touched off a contentious debate in the city. An engaged and alarmed public threw their support behind a proposal put forward by representatives of the municipal government that called for the construction of an elaborate quarantine facility just down the St. Lawrence River from the city. This facility, which migrants would be confined at until their healthy status was confirmed beyond reasonable doubt, promised to return order not only to Montreal, but to the entire migration process. The body appointed by the colonial administration, however, rejected the proposal, and tabled a far more modest plan that would continue to house migrants in sheds located just a stone’s throw away from the city’s western suburbs. The highly charged debate that ensued furnishes us with an opportunity to examine how the city’s political elite and the broader public were thinking through questions about migration, public health, and the contours of liberal governance. The objective of this article is to consider the role that moments of crisis such as this played in shaping the city’s political culture, and to place the events of 1847 in the context of the larger struggle between local and metropolitan authority occurring during this period. Au cours de l’été de 1847, les conséquences de la famine, de la maladie et des bouleversements sociaux en Irlande se sont fait sentir jusque dans les ports de l’Amérique du Nord. Plaque tournante commerciale et migratoire, Montréal a été grandement affecté par ces événements. L’arrivée de milliers d’immigrants irlandais, plusieurs ayant contracté le typhus durant la traversée transatlantique, ont provoqué un débat controversé dans la ville. Le public inquiet a donné son appui à une proposition mise de l’avant par des représentants de l’administration municipale pour la construction d’une station de quarantaine en amont de la ville sur le fleuve St-Laurent où les immigrants devaient être confinés jusqu’à ce que leur bonne santé soit confirmée au-delà de tout doute raisonnable. Cette mesure devait ramener l’ordre non seulement à Montréal, mais également dans le processus d’immigration. Une instance nommée par le gouvernement colonial a toutefois rejeté la proposition et suggéré une solution plus modeste d’après laquelle les immigrants continueraient à être hébergés dans des abris situés à un jet de pierre des banlieues ouest de la ville. Le débat très animé qui s’ensuivit éclaire la manière dont l’élite politique de la ville et le public plus généralement concevaient les questions de migration, de santé publique et de gouvernance libérale. Cet article vise à étudier le rôle joué par cette crise dans l’évolution de la culture politique municipale et à replacer les événements de 1847 dans le contexte d’une lutte plus générale entre les autorités locales et métropolitaines.