“[T]he teacher that cannot understand their language should not be allowed”: Colonialism, Resistance, and Female Mi’kmaw Teachers in New Brunswick Day Schools, 1900–1923

Between 1903 and 1923, sisters Mary, Rebecca, Martha, Margaret, and Alma Isaacs and Rita Gédéon, left their homes in Restigouche, Quebec, to teach in federal Indian day schools on New Brunswick Indian Reserves. As Mi’kmaw women, their “Indian” status not only made them anomalies in a federal day sch...

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Published in:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association
Main Author: Walls, Martha E.
Format: Text
Language:English
Published: The Canadian Historical Association / La Société historique du Canada 2011
Subjects:
Online Access:http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1008957ar
https://doi.org/10.7202/1008957ar
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spelling fterudit:oai:erudit.org:1008957ar 2023-05-15T17:12:58+02:00 “[T]he teacher that cannot understand their language should not be allowed”: Colonialism, Resistance, and Female Mi’kmaw Teachers in New Brunswick Day Schools, 1900–1923 Walls, Martha E. 2011 http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1008957ar https://doi.org/10.7202/1008957ar en eng The Canadian Historical Association / La Société historique du Canada Érudit Journal of the Canadian Historical Association vol. 22 no. 1 (2011) All Rights Reserved © The Canadian Historical Association / La Société historique du Canada, 2011 text 2011 fterudit https://doi.org/10.7202/1008957ar 2019-03-31T00:07:16Z Between 1903 and 1923, sisters Mary, Rebecca, Martha, Margaret, and Alma Isaacs and Rita Gédéon, left their homes in Restigouche, Quebec, to teach in federal Indian day schools on New Brunswick Indian Reserves. As Mi’kmaw women, their “Indian” status not only made them anomalies in a federal day school system that only rarely and reluctantly hired “Indians” as teachers, it also placed them in complicated positions on the frontline of Canada’s colonialist project. Tasked with imparting to Mi’kmaw students an array of assimilatory messages both within and outside of the classroom, these six teachers bolstered Canada’s colonialist agenda. In other ways, however, the women used their positions in federal schools to undermine this same colonial agenda. By insisting on the use of the Mi’kmaw language in their classrooms, and by challenging the directives of federal officials and government protocol, the Isaacs sisters and Rita Gédéon remind us of the complex and competing motives, intentions and relationships that shaped Canadian colonialism and reveal that Aboriginal women were involved in ways rarely considered. Entre 1903 et 1923, les soeurs Mary, Rebecca, Martha, Margaret et Alma Isaacs ainsi que Rita Gédéon ont quitté leur foyer de Restigouche au Québec pour aller enseigner dans des externats fédéraux se trouvant sur des réserves amérindiennes du Nouveau-Brunswick. Possédant le statut “d’Indien”, ces femmes d’origine mi’kmaw faisaient figure d’exception dans le système fédéral d’externats pour Amérindiens puisque le gouvernement n’embauchait que rarement, et à reculons, des « Indiennes » comme enseignantes. Les soeurs Isaacs et Rita Gédéon se sont ainsi retrouvées dans une position ambiguë par rapport au projet colonial canadien. Devant transmettre aux élèves mi’kmaw des messages favorisant leur assimilation aussi bien à l’intérieur qu’à l’extérieur des salles de classe, elles ont participé à renforcer le projet colonial canadien. Néanmoins, elles ont aussi utilisé leur position au sein des externats pour miner de l’intérieur ce même projet. En exigeant l’emploi de la langue mi’kmaw dans les classes et en défiant les directives et les protocoles émis par le gouvernement fédéral, ces enseignantes ont mis en lumière la complexité et l’aspect contradictoire des motivations, des intentions et des relations qui ont façonné le colonialisme canadien et nous révèlent la participation peu reconnue des femmes amérindiennes à ce processus. Text Mi’kmaw Érudit.org (Université Montréal) Indian Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 22 1 35 67
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description Between 1903 and 1923, sisters Mary, Rebecca, Martha, Margaret, and Alma Isaacs and Rita Gédéon, left their homes in Restigouche, Quebec, to teach in federal Indian day schools on New Brunswick Indian Reserves. As Mi’kmaw women, their “Indian” status not only made them anomalies in a federal day school system that only rarely and reluctantly hired “Indians” as teachers, it also placed them in complicated positions on the frontline of Canada’s colonialist project. Tasked with imparting to Mi’kmaw students an array of assimilatory messages both within and outside of the classroom, these six teachers bolstered Canada’s colonialist agenda. In other ways, however, the women used their positions in federal schools to undermine this same colonial agenda. By insisting on the use of the Mi’kmaw language in their classrooms, and by challenging the directives of federal officials and government protocol, the Isaacs sisters and Rita Gédéon remind us of the complex and competing motives, intentions and relationships that shaped Canadian colonialism and reveal that Aboriginal women were involved in ways rarely considered. Entre 1903 et 1923, les soeurs Mary, Rebecca, Martha, Margaret et Alma Isaacs ainsi que Rita Gédéon ont quitté leur foyer de Restigouche au Québec pour aller enseigner dans des externats fédéraux se trouvant sur des réserves amérindiennes du Nouveau-Brunswick. Possédant le statut “d’Indien”, ces femmes d’origine mi’kmaw faisaient figure d’exception dans le système fédéral d’externats pour Amérindiens puisque le gouvernement n’embauchait que rarement, et à reculons, des « Indiennes » comme enseignantes. Les soeurs Isaacs et Rita Gédéon se sont ainsi retrouvées dans une position ambiguë par rapport au projet colonial canadien. Devant transmettre aux élèves mi’kmaw des messages favorisant leur assimilation aussi bien à l’intérieur qu’à l’extérieur des salles de classe, elles ont participé à renforcer le projet colonial canadien. Néanmoins, elles ont aussi utilisé leur position au sein des externats pour miner de l’intérieur ce même projet. En exigeant l’emploi de la langue mi’kmaw dans les classes et en défiant les directives et les protocoles émis par le gouvernement fédéral, ces enseignantes ont mis en lumière la complexité et l’aspect contradictoire des motivations, des intentions et des relations qui ont façonné le colonialisme canadien et nous révèlent la participation peu reconnue des femmes amérindiennes à ce processus.
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author Walls, Martha E.
spellingShingle Walls, Martha E.
“[T]he teacher that cannot understand their language should not be allowed”: Colonialism, Resistance, and Female Mi’kmaw Teachers in New Brunswick Day Schools, 1900–1923
author_facet Walls, Martha E.
author_sort Walls, Martha E.
title “[T]he teacher that cannot understand their language should not be allowed”: Colonialism, Resistance, and Female Mi’kmaw Teachers in New Brunswick Day Schools, 1900–1923
title_short “[T]he teacher that cannot understand their language should not be allowed”: Colonialism, Resistance, and Female Mi’kmaw Teachers in New Brunswick Day Schools, 1900–1923
title_full “[T]he teacher that cannot understand their language should not be allowed”: Colonialism, Resistance, and Female Mi’kmaw Teachers in New Brunswick Day Schools, 1900–1923
title_fullStr “[T]he teacher that cannot understand their language should not be allowed”: Colonialism, Resistance, and Female Mi’kmaw Teachers in New Brunswick Day Schools, 1900–1923
title_full_unstemmed “[T]he teacher that cannot understand their language should not be allowed”: Colonialism, Resistance, and Female Mi’kmaw Teachers in New Brunswick Day Schools, 1900–1923
title_sort “[t]he teacher that cannot understand their language should not be allowed”: colonialism, resistance, and female mi’kmaw teachers in new brunswick day schools, 1900–1923
publisher The Canadian Historical Association / La Société historique du Canada
publishDate 2011
url http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1008957ar
https://doi.org/10.7202/1008957ar
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op_relation Journal of the Canadian Historical Association
vol. 22 no. 1 (2011)
op_rights All Rights Reserved © The Canadian Historical Association / La Société historique du Canada, 2011
op_doi https://doi.org/10.7202/1008957ar
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