Spatial Discontinuities and Nomadic Pastoralism in Inner Asia at the Turn of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
International audience Pastoralism, the traditional activity of Turkic-Mongol peoples in Siberia and Central Asia, has created structural discontinuities in the apparently homogeneous steppe area. Through their stable and regular nomadic routes, herdsmen divide the space into seasonal pastures, asse...
Published in: | Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales |
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Main Author: | |
Other Authors: | , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | French |
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HAL CCSD
2014
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Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://hal.science/hal-01963896 https://hal.science/hal-01963896/document https://hal.science/hal-01963896/file/ANNA_694_0957.pdf https://doi.org/10.1353/ahs.2014.0174 |
Summary: | International audience Pastoralism, the traditional activity of Turkic-Mongol peoples in Siberia and Central Asia, has created structural discontinuities in the apparently homogeneous steppe area. Through their stable and regular nomadic routes, herdsmen divide the space into seasonal pastures, assessing the quality of lands according to the needs of livestock in a given season. The analysis of various forms of nomadic pastoralism practiced at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by Turkmens, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Khakas, Buryats, Tuvans, Mongolians and Yakuts, refines this model and identifies several types of nomadism, based on the residential patterns, the form of routes, and the frequency and amplitude of movements. Questioning several received ideas about nomadic pastoralism, the author shows that, although livestock is the main impulse of nomadism, there is no direct and unambiguous correlation (whether synchronic or diachronic) between the mobility of people and that of livestock. Pastoralism and nomadism are thus shown to be connected but distinct phenomena. Le pastoralisme, activité traditionnelle des peuples turco-mongols de Sibérie et d’Asie centrale, a créé des discontinuités qui ont structuré l’espace apparemment homogène de la steppe. Par leurs parcours de nomadisation stables et réguliers, les éleveurs découpent l’espace en pâtures saisonnières, appréciant la qualité des terres en fonction des besoins du bétail et relativement à une saison donnée. L’analyse du fonctionnement des diverses formes de pastoralisme nomade pratiquées au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles par les Turkmènes, les Kazakhs, les Kirghizes, les Khakasses, les Bouriates, les Touvas, les Mongols et les Iakoutes permet d’affiner ce modèle et d’identifier plusieurs types de nomadisme, suivant des critères fondés sur le mode de résidence, la forme des parcours, la fréquence et l’amplitude des nomadisations. Interrogeant plusieurs idées reçues, l’auteur montre que, si le bétail est bien le moteur du nomadisme, il n’existe ... |
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