Development of analytical methods for arsenic speciation and their application to novel marine feed resources

• Main Author: Tibon, Jojo Samson
• Format: Book
• Language: English
• Published: Technical University of Denmark 2022
• Subjects: /dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/life_below_water; SDG 14 - Life Below Water; Norway; Atlantic salmon
• Online Access: https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/262581d8-bd39-4e51-917a-b63611510fe7; https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/315525677/Jojo_Tibon.pdf

By 2050, the world’s population is expected to surpass nine billion. Aquaculture has a huge potential to augment the demand for safe and nutritious food by the growing public. However, this would entail an increase in seafood supply, which translates to an additional feed volume requirement. In Norway, while the current composition of Atlantic salmon feed is predominantly plant-based ingredients, many have realized that the agricultural sector has turned into one of the biggest contributors of greenhouse gases. Thus, current research is directed towards novel marine feed resources which can alleviate aquaculture’s carbon footprint. Much focus has been given recently to marine resources at low-trophic levels due to their abundance and suitable nutritional composition, e.g. high in proteins and essential fatty acids. Primary producers and consumers such as microalgae, blue mussels, and mesopelagic organisms are currently considered as future ingredients for salmon feed. Before novel marine resources can be fully utilized, it is necessary to document the levels of undesirable substances. Within the European Union (EU), maximum limits (MLs) are established for undesirable substances in feed and feed ingredients (Directive 2002/32 EC and amendments), which include toxic elements such as mercury, cadmium, lead, and arsenic. Arsenic (As) has over 100 naturally occurring As species in the marine environment. It is mainly recognized for its toxic properties associated with its inorganic forms, i.e. arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)). In contrast, the non-toxic arsenobetaine (AB) is the predominant As compound in most marine organisms. Macrolagae, commonly known as seaweeds, contain significant proportions of arsenosugars (AsSug). In fatty fish, lipid-soluble As species, i.e. arsenolipids (AsLipids), are abundant. Recent studies have reported AsSug and AsLipids as potentially toxic compounds. Considering the varying toxicities of As species, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recognizes the need for more As ...