Comparison of Target Detectors to Identify Icebergs in Quad-Polarimetric L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data
Icebergs represent hazards to ships and maritime activities and therefore their detection is essential. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites are very useful for this, due to their capability to acquire data under cloud cover and during day and night passes. In this work, we compared six state-o...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:fe5539a86f92407b9b8b75093a0e983d 2023-05-15T16:30:13+02:00 Comparison of Target Detectors to Identify Icebergs in Quad-Polarimetric L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data Johnson Bailey Armando Marino Vahid Akbari 2021-04-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091753 https://doaj.org/article/fe5539a86f92407b9b8b75093a0e983d EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1753 https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292 doi:10.3390/rs13091753 2072-4292 https://doaj.org/article/fe5539a86f92407b9b8b75093a0e983d Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 1753, p 1753 (2021) detection icebergs sea ice polarimetry SAR Science Q article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091753 2022-12-31T16:17:32Z Icebergs represent hazards to ships and maritime activities and therefore their detection is essential. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites are very useful for this, due to their capability to acquire data under cloud cover and during day and night passes. In this work, we compared six state-of-the-art polarimetric target detectors to test their performance and ability to detect small-sized icebergs <120 m in four locations in Greenland. We used four single-look complex (SLC) ALOS-2 quad-polarimetric images from JAXA for quad-polarimetric detection and we compared with dual-polarimetric detectors using only the channels HH and HV . We also compared these detectors with single-polarimetric intensity channels and we tested using two scenarios: open ocean and sea ice. Our results show that the multi-look polarimetric whitening filter (MPWF) and the optimal polarimetric detector (OPD) provide the most optimal performance in quad- and dual-polarimetric mode detection. The analysis shows that, overall, quad-polarimetric detectors provide the best detection performance. When the false alarm rate (P F ) is fixed to 10 -5 , the probabilities of detection (P D ) are 0.99 in open ocean and 0.90 in sea ice. Dual-polarimetric or single-polarimetric detectors show an overall reduction in performance (the ROC curves show a decrease), but this degradation is not very large (<0.1) when the value of false alarms is relatively high (i.e., we are interested in bigger icebergs with a brighter backscattering >120 m, as they are easier to detect). However, the differences between quad- and dual- or single-polarimetric detectors became much more evident when the P F value was fixed to low detection probabilities 10 -6 (i.e., smaller icebergs). In the single-polarimetric mode, the HV channel showed P D values of 0.62 for open ocean and 0.26 for sea ice, compared to values of 0.81 (open ocean) and 0.77 (sea ice) obtained with quad-polarimetric detectors. Article in Journal/Newspaper Greenland Sea ice Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Greenland Remote Sensing 13 9 1753 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
detection icebergs sea ice polarimetry SAR Science Q |
spellingShingle |
detection icebergs sea ice polarimetry SAR Science Q Johnson Bailey Armando Marino Vahid Akbari Comparison of Target Detectors to Identify Icebergs in Quad-Polarimetric L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data |
topic_facet |
detection icebergs sea ice polarimetry SAR Science Q |
description |
Icebergs represent hazards to ships and maritime activities and therefore their detection is essential. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites are very useful for this, due to their capability to acquire data under cloud cover and during day and night passes. In this work, we compared six state-of-the-art polarimetric target detectors to test their performance and ability to detect small-sized icebergs <120 m in four locations in Greenland. We used four single-look complex (SLC) ALOS-2 quad-polarimetric images from JAXA for quad-polarimetric detection and we compared with dual-polarimetric detectors using only the channels HH and HV . We also compared these detectors with single-polarimetric intensity channels and we tested using two scenarios: open ocean and sea ice. Our results show that the multi-look polarimetric whitening filter (MPWF) and the optimal polarimetric detector (OPD) provide the most optimal performance in quad- and dual-polarimetric mode detection. The analysis shows that, overall, quad-polarimetric detectors provide the best detection performance. When the false alarm rate (P F ) is fixed to 10 -5 , the probabilities of detection (P D ) are 0.99 in open ocean and 0.90 in sea ice. Dual-polarimetric or single-polarimetric detectors show an overall reduction in performance (the ROC curves show a decrease), but this degradation is not very large (<0.1) when the value of false alarms is relatively high (i.e., we are interested in bigger icebergs with a brighter backscattering >120 m, as they are easier to detect). However, the differences between quad- and dual- or single-polarimetric detectors became much more evident when the P F value was fixed to low detection probabilities 10 -6 (i.e., smaller icebergs). In the single-polarimetric mode, the HV channel showed P D values of 0.62 for open ocean and 0.26 for sea ice, compared to values of 0.81 (open ocean) and 0.77 (sea ice) obtained with quad-polarimetric detectors. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Johnson Bailey Armando Marino Vahid Akbari |
author_facet |
Johnson Bailey Armando Marino Vahid Akbari |
author_sort |
Johnson Bailey |
title |
Comparison of Target Detectors to Identify Icebergs in Quad-Polarimetric L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data |
title_short |
Comparison of Target Detectors to Identify Icebergs in Quad-Polarimetric L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data |
title_full |
Comparison of Target Detectors to Identify Icebergs in Quad-Polarimetric L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data |
title_fullStr |
Comparison of Target Detectors to Identify Icebergs in Quad-Polarimetric L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data |
title_full_unstemmed |
Comparison of Target Detectors to Identify Icebergs in Quad-Polarimetric L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data |
title_sort |
comparison of target detectors to identify icebergs in quad-polarimetric l-band synthetic aperture radar data |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091753 https://doaj.org/article/fe5539a86f92407b9b8b75093a0e983d |
geographic |
Greenland |
geographic_facet |
Greenland |
genre |
Greenland Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Greenland Sea ice |
op_source |
Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 1753, p 1753 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1753 https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292 doi:10.3390/rs13091753 2072-4292 https://doaj.org/article/fe5539a86f92407b9b8b75093a0e983d |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091753 |
container_title |
Remote Sensing |
container_volume |
13 |
container_issue |
9 |
container_start_page |
1753 |
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1766019929116508160 |