Development of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Under Hypoxic Conditions Induced Sustained Changes in Expression of Immune Genes and Reduced Resistance to Moritella viscosa
Atlantic salmon is characterized with high sensitivity to low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Hypoxia can affect diverse biological processes with consequences that can be manifested immediately or with delay. Effects of hypoxia on the immune system and the resistance to a bacterial pathogen were inve...
Published in: | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.722218 https://doaj.org/article/fd8c7ffecd06446e946eca0f377b96d0 |
id |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:fd8c7ffecd06446e946eca0f377b96d0 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:fd8c7ffecd06446e946eca0f377b96d0 2023-05-15T15:31:29+02:00 Development of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Under Hypoxic Conditions Induced Sustained Changes in Expression of Immune Genes and Reduced Resistance to Moritella viscosa Aleksei Krasnov Erik Burgerhout Hanne Johnsen Helge Tveiten Anne F. Bakke Hege Lund Sergey Afanasyev Alexander Rebl Lill-Heidi Johansen 2021-08-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.722218 https://doaj.org/article/fd8c7ffecd06446e946eca0f377b96d0 EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.722218/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-701X 2296-701X doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.722218 https://doaj.org/article/fd8c7ffecd06446e946eca0f377b96d0 Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol 9 (2021) Atlantic salmon hypoxia development immune response transcriptomics Moritella viscosa Evolution QH359-425 Ecology QH540-549.5 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.722218 2022-12-31T06:32:21Z Atlantic salmon is characterized with high sensitivity to low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Hypoxia can affect diverse biological processes with consequences that can be manifested immediately or with delay. Effects of hypoxia on the immune system and the resistance to a bacterial pathogen were investigated. Two groups were reared at, respectively, normal (NO, 80–100%) and low (LO, 60%) levels of DO over 10 months after which both groups were reared at NO. Smoltification was initiated after 13 months by a winter signal for 6 weeks, followed by constant light for 6 weeks. Samples were collected at the start and end of the constant light period. Expression of 92 immune and stress genes was analyzed in the gill, head kidney, and spleen using a Biomark HD. Most of differentially expressed genes showed higher levels in LO fish compared to NO fish; many immune genes were downregulated during smoltification and these changes were stronger in NO fish. A notable exception was pro-inflammatory genes upregulated in gill of NO fish. Further, salmon were challenged with Moritella viscosa, the causative agent of winter ulcer. Mortality was registered from 5 days post infection (dpi) to the end of trial at 36 dpi. Survival was consistently higher in NO than LO fish, reaching a maximum difference of 18% at 21–23 dpi that reduced to 10% at the end. Analyses with a genome-wide microarray at 36 dpi showed strong responses to the pathogen in gill and spleen. Notable features were the stimulation of eicosanoid metabolism, suggesting an important role of lipid mediators of inflammation, and the downregulation of chemokines. Many immune effectors were activated, including multiple lectins and acute phase proteins, enzymes producing free radicals, and matrix metalloproteinases. The transcriptomic changes induced with a bacterial challenge were similar in NO and LO. After the challenge, interferons a and g and panel of genes of innate antiviral immunity showed higher expression in LO, especially in the gill. The results from the present ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Atlantic salmon hypoxia development immune response transcriptomics Moritella viscosa Evolution QH359-425 Ecology QH540-549.5 |
spellingShingle |
Atlantic salmon hypoxia development immune response transcriptomics Moritella viscosa Evolution QH359-425 Ecology QH540-549.5 Aleksei Krasnov Erik Burgerhout Hanne Johnsen Helge Tveiten Anne F. Bakke Hege Lund Sergey Afanasyev Alexander Rebl Lill-Heidi Johansen Development of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Under Hypoxic Conditions Induced Sustained Changes in Expression of Immune Genes and Reduced Resistance to Moritella viscosa |
topic_facet |
Atlantic salmon hypoxia development immune response transcriptomics Moritella viscosa Evolution QH359-425 Ecology QH540-549.5 |
description |
Atlantic salmon is characterized with high sensitivity to low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Hypoxia can affect diverse biological processes with consequences that can be manifested immediately or with delay. Effects of hypoxia on the immune system and the resistance to a bacterial pathogen were investigated. Two groups were reared at, respectively, normal (NO, 80–100%) and low (LO, 60%) levels of DO over 10 months after which both groups were reared at NO. Smoltification was initiated after 13 months by a winter signal for 6 weeks, followed by constant light for 6 weeks. Samples were collected at the start and end of the constant light period. Expression of 92 immune and stress genes was analyzed in the gill, head kidney, and spleen using a Biomark HD. Most of differentially expressed genes showed higher levels in LO fish compared to NO fish; many immune genes were downregulated during smoltification and these changes were stronger in NO fish. A notable exception was pro-inflammatory genes upregulated in gill of NO fish. Further, salmon were challenged with Moritella viscosa, the causative agent of winter ulcer. Mortality was registered from 5 days post infection (dpi) to the end of trial at 36 dpi. Survival was consistently higher in NO than LO fish, reaching a maximum difference of 18% at 21–23 dpi that reduced to 10% at the end. Analyses with a genome-wide microarray at 36 dpi showed strong responses to the pathogen in gill and spleen. Notable features were the stimulation of eicosanoid metabolism, suggesting an important role of lipid mediators of inflammation, and the downregulation of chemokines. Many immune effectors were activated, including multiple lectins and acute phase proteins, enzymes producing free radicals, and matrix metalloproteinases. The transcriptomic changes induced with a bacterial challenge were similar in NO and LO. After the challenge, interferons a and g and panel of genes of innate antiviral immunity showed higher expression in LO, especially in the gill. The results from the present ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Aleksei Krasnov Erik Burgerhout Hanne Johnsen Helge Tveiten Anne F. Bakke Hege Lund Sergey Afanasyev Alexander Rebl Lill-Heidi Johansen |
author_facet |
Aleksei Krasnov Erik Burgerhout Hanne Johnsen Helge Tveiten Anne F. Bakke Hege Lund Sergey Afanasyev Alexander Rebl Lill-Heidi Johansen |
author_sort |
Aleksei Krasnov |
title |
Development of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Under Hypoxic Conditions Induced Sustained Changes in Expression of Immune Genes and Reduced Resistance to Moritella viscosa |
title_short |
Development of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Under Hypoxic Conditions Induced Sustained Changes in Expression of Immune Genes and Reduced Resistance to Moritella viscosa |
title_full |
Development of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Under Hypoxic Conditions Induced Sustained Changes in Expression of Immune Genes and Reduced Resistance to Moritella viscosa |
title_fullStr |
Development of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Under Hypoxic Conditions Induced Sustained Changes in Expression of Immune Genes and Reduced Resistance to Moritella viscosa |
title_full_unstemmed |
Development of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Under Hypoxic Conditions Induced Sustained Changes in Expression of Immune Genes and Reduced Resistance to Moritella viscosa |
title_sort |
development of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) under hypoxic conditions induced sustained changes in expression of immune genes and reduced resistance to moritella viscosa |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.722218 https://doaj.org/article/fd8c7ffecd06446e946eca0f377b96d0 |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_source |
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol 9 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.722218/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-701X 2296-701X doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.722218 https://doaj.org/article/fd8c7ffecd06446e946eca0f377b96d0 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.722218 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |
container_volume |
9 |
_version_ |
1766361996166430720 |