Insecticide resistance status of the malaria mosquitoes: Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus in eastern and northern Uganda

• Published in: Malaria Journal
• Main Authors: Michael Okia, David F. Hoel, James Kirunda, John Bosco Rwakimari, Betty Mpeka, Denis Ambayo, Ananya Price, David W. Oguttu, Albert P. Okui, John Govere
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: BMC 2018
• Subjects: Anopheles gambiae; Anopheles funestus; Uganda; Insecticide resistance; Oxidase; Intensity bioassay; Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine; RC955-962; Infectious and parasitic diseases; RC109-216; Arctic; Lira
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2293-6; https://doaj.org/article/fd061b90b6fb4effb727abe81ab5ecda

Abstract Background Uganda’s malaria burden includes the sixth highest number of annual deaths in Africa (10,500) with approximately 16 million cases (2013) and the entire population at risk. The President’s Malaria Initiative has been supporting the malaria control interventions of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) in Uganda since 2007. These interventions are threatened by emerging and spreading insecticide resistance, known to exist in Ugandan malaria vectors. Pyrethroid insecticides have been used in agriculture since the early 1990s and in IRS programmes from the mid-2000s until 2010. A universal LLIN coverage campaign was executed in 2013–2014, distributing pyrethroid-treated LLINs throughout the country. This study investigated insecticide susceptibility, intensity, and oxidase detoxification in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and Anopheles funestus to permethrin and deltamethrin in four eastern Ugandan sites. Methods The susceptibility status of An. gambiae and An. funestus to bendiocarb, permethrin and deltamethrin was determined using the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) bottle bioassay. Presence of oxidative enzyme detoxification mechanisms were determined by pre-exposing mosquitoes to piperonyl butoxide followed with exposure to discriminating doses of deltamethrin- and permethrin-coated CDC bottles. Resistance intensity was investigated using serial dosages of 1×, 2×, 5× and 10× the diagnostic dose and scored at 30 min to determine the magnitude of resistance to both of these LLIN pyrethroids. Testing occurred in the Northern and Eastern Regions of Uganda. Results Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus were fully susceptible to bendiocarb where tested. Anopheles gambiae resistance to deltamethrin and permethrin was observed in all four study sites. Anopheles funestus was resistant to deltamethrin and permethrin in Soroti. Oxidative resistance mechanisms were found in An. gambiae conferring pyrethroid resistance in Lira and Apac. 14.3% ...