Route Fidelity during Marine Megafauna Migration

• Published in: Frontiers in Marine Science
• Main Authors: Travis W. Horton, Nan Hauser, Alexandre N. Zerbini, Malcolm P. Francis, Michael L. Domeier, Artur Andriolo, Daniel P. Costa, Patrick W. Robinson, Clinton A. J. Duffy, Nicole Nasby-Lucas, Richard N. Holdaway, Phillip J. Clapham
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2017
• Subjects: navigation; gravity; moon; humpback whale; great white shark; elephant seal; Science; Q; General. Including nature conservation; geographical distribution; QH1-199.5; Elephant Seal; Elephant Seals; Humpback Whale; Megaptera novaeangliae
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00422; https://doaj.org/article/fd03b0e82eb24bbdb82307e7f86e2309

The conservation and protection of marine megafauna require robust knowledge of where and when animals are located. Yet, our ability to predict animal distributions in space and time remains limited due to difficulties associated with studying elusive animals with large home ranges. The widespread deployment of satellite telemetry technology creates unprecedented opportunities to remotely monitor animal movements and to analyse the spatial and temporal trajectories of these movements from a variety of geophysical perspectives. Reproducible patterns in movement trajectories can help elucidate the potential mechanisms by which marine megafauna navigate across vast expanses of open-ocean. Here, we present an empirical analysis of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), and northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) satellite telemetry-derived route fidelity movements in magnetic and gravitational coordinates. Our analyses demonstrate that: (1) humpback whales, great white sharks and northern elephant seals are capable of performing route fidelity movements across millions of square kilometers of open ocean with a spatial accuracy of better than 150 km despite temporal separations as long as 7 years between individual movements; (2) route fidelity movements include significant (p < 0.05) periodicities that are comparable in duration to the lunar cycles and semi-cycles; (3) latitude and bedrock-dependent gravitational cues are stronger predictors of route fidelity movements than spherical magnetic coordinate cues when analyzed with respect to the temporally dependent moon illumination cycle. We further show that both route fidelity and non-route fidelity movement trajectories, for all three species, describe overlapping in-phase or antiphase sinusoids when individual movements are normalized to the gravitational acceleration present at migratory departure sites. Although these empirical results provide an inductive basis for the development of testable hypotheses ...