Ocean Remote Sensing Techniques and Applications: A Review (Part I)

• Published in: Water
• Main Authors: Meisam Amani, Armin Moghimi, S. Mohammad Mirmazloumi, Babak Ranjgar, Arsalan Ghorbanian, Saeid Ojaghi, Hamid Ebrahimy, Amin Naboureh, Mohsen Eslami Nazari, Sahel Mahdavi, Sayyed Hamed Alizadeh Moghaddam, Reza Mohammadi Asiyabi, Seyed Ali Ahmadi, Soroosh Mehravar, Farzane Mohseni, Shuanggen Jin
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2022
• Subjects: remote sensing; ocean; ocean wind; ocean current; ocean wave; sea level; Hydraulic engineering; TC1-978; Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes; TD201-500; Sea ice
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213400; https://doaj.org/article/fb6d0ea58f294788b07d44a5ff0831b5

Oceans cover over 70% of the Earth’s surface and provide numerous services to humans and the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor these valuable assets using advanced technologies. In this regard, Remote Sensing (RS) provides a great opportunity to study different oceanographic parameters using archived consistent multitemporal datasets in a cost-efficient approach. So far, various types of RS techniques have been developed and utilized for different oceanographic applications. In this study, 15 applications of RS in the ocean using different RS techniques and systems are comprehensively reviewed and discussed. This study is divided into two parts to supply more detailed information about each application. The first part briefly discusses 12 different RS systems that are often employed for ocean studies. Then, six applications of these systems in the ocean, including Ocean Surface Wind (OSW), Ocean Surface Current (OSC), Ocean Wave Height (OWH), Sea Level (SL), Ocean Tide (OT), and Ship Detection (SD), are provided. For each application, the applicable RS systems, their advantages and disadvantages, various RS and Machine Learning (ML) techniques, and several case studies are discussed. The other nine applications, including Iceberg, Sea Ice (SI), Sea Surface temperature (SST), Ocean Surface Salinity (OSS), Ocean Color (OC), Ocean Chlorophyll (OCh), Ocean Oil Spill (OOS), Underwater Ocean, and Fishery, are provided in Part II of this study.