Diarrhea prevalence in a randomized, controlled prospective trial of point-of-use water filters in homes and schools in the Dominican Republic

• Published in: Tropical Medicine and Health
• Main Authors: Nathan Tintle, Kristin Van De Griend, Rachel Ulrich, Randall D. Wade, Tena M. Baar, Emma Boven, Carolyn E. A. Cooper, Olivia Couch, Lauren Eekhoff, Benjamin Fry, Grace K. Goszkowicz, Maya A. Hecksel, Adam Heynen, Jade A. Laughlin, Sydney M. Les, Taylor R. Lombard, B. Daniel Munson, Jonas M. Peterson, Eric Schumann, Daniel J. Settecerri, Jacob E. Spry, Matthew J. Summerfield, Meghana Sunder, Daniel R. Wade, Caden G. Zonnefeld, Sarah A. Brokus, Francesco S. Moen, Adam D. Slater, Jonathan W. Peterson, Michael J. Pikaart, Brent P. Krueger, Aaron A. Best
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: BMC 2021
• Subjects: Drinking water; Point-of-use filter; 16S rRNA community; Diarrhea; Heavy metals; Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine; RC955-962; Arctic; Home Point
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-020-00291-y; https://doaj.org/article/fac17e613607465583ab4f9bf805d5e2

Abstract Background Lack of sustainable access to clean drinking water continues to be an issue of paramount global importance, leading to millions of preventable deaths annually. Best practices for providing sustainable access to clean drinking water, however, remain unclear. Widespread installation of low-cost, in-home, point of use water filtration systems is a promising strategy. Methods We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled trial whereby 16 villages were selected and randomly assigned to one of four treatment arms based on the installation location of Sawyer® PointONE™ filters (filter in both home and school; filter in home only; filter in school only; control group). Water samples and self-reported information on diarrhea were collected at multiple times throughout the study. Results Self-reported household prevalence of diarrhea decreased from 25.6 to 9.76% from installation to follow-up (at least 7 days, and up to 200 days post-filter installation). These declines were also observed in diarrhea with economic or educational consequences (diarrhea which led to medical treatment and/or missing school or work) with baseline prevalence of 9.64% declining to 1.57%. Decreases in diarrhea prevalence were observed across age groups. There was no evidence of a loss of efficacy of filters up to 200 days post-filter installation. Installation of filters in schools was not associated with decreases in diarrhea prevalence in school-aged children or family members. Unfiltered water samples both at schools and homes contained potential waterborne bacterial pathogens, dissolved heavy metals and metals associated with particulates. All dissolved metals were detected at levels below World Health Organization action guidelines. Conclusions This controlled trial provides strong evidence of the effectiveness of point-of-use, hollow fiber membrane filters at reducing diarrhea from bacterial sources up to 200 days post-installation when installed in homes. No statistically significant reduction in diarrhea was ...