Review article: Earth's ice imbalance
We combine satellite observations and numerical models to show that Earth lost 28 trillion tonnes of ice between 1994 and 2017. Arctic sea ice (7.6 trillion tonnes), Antarctic ice shelves (6.5 trillion tonnes), mountain glaciers (6.1 trillion tonnes), the Greenland ice sheet (3.8 trillion tonnes), t...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:f9cb5bff2e654b50a6100a25185f4ca4 2023-05-15T14:03:24+02:00 Review article: Earth's ice imbalance T. Slater I. R. Lawrence I. N. Otosaka A. Shepherd N. Gourmelen L. Jakob P. Tepes L. Gilbert P. Nienow 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-233-2021 https://doaj.org/article/f9cb5bff2e654b50a6100a25185f4ca4 EN eng Copernicus Publications https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/233/2021/tc-15-233-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-15-233-2021 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/f9cb5bff2e654b50a6100a25185f4ca4 The Cryosphere, Vol 15, Pp 233-246 (2021) Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-233-2021 2022-12-31T06:58:42Z We combine satellite observations and numerical models to show that Earth lost 28 trillion tonnes of ice between 1994 and 2017. Arctic sea ice (7.6 trillion tonnes), Antarctic ice shelves (6.5 trillion tonnes), mountain glaciers (6.1 trillion tonnes), the Greenland ice sheet (3.8 trillion tonnes), the Antarctic ice sheet (2.5 trillion tonnes), and Southern Ocean sea ice (0.9 trillion tonnes) have all decreased in mass. Just over half (58 %) of the ice loss was from the Northern Hemisphere, and the remainder (42 %) was from the Southern Hemisphere. The rate of ice loss has risen by 57 % since the 1990s – from 0.8 to 1.2 trillion tonnes per year – owing to increased losses from mountain glaciers, Antarctica, Greenland and from Antarctic ice shelves. During the same period, the loss of grounded ice from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets and mountain glaciers raised the global sea level by 34.6 ± 3.1 mm. The majority of all ice losses were driven by atmospheric melting (68 % from Arctic sea ice, mountain glaciers ice shelf calving and ice sheet surface mass balance), with the remaining losses (32 % from ice sheet discharge and ice shelf thinning) being driven by oceanic melting. Altogether, these elements of the cryosphere have taken up 3.2 % of the global energy imbalance. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Arctic Greenland Ice Sheet Ice Shelf Ice Shelves Sea ice Southern Ocean The Cryosphere Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic Greenland The Cryosphere 15 1 233 246 |
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Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
spellingShingle |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 T. Slater I. R. Lawrence I. N. Otosaka A. Shepherd N. Gourmelen L. Jakob P. Tepes L. Gilbert P. Nienow Review article: Earth's ice imbalance |
topic_facet |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
description |
We combine satellite observations and numerical models to show that Earth lost 28 trillion tonnes of ice between 1994 and 2017. Arctic sea ice (7.6 trillion tonnes), Antarctic ice shelves (6.5 trillion tonnes), mountain glaciers (6.1 trillion tonnes), the Greenland ice sheet (3.8 trillion tonnes), the Antarctic ice sheet (2.5 trillion tonnes), and Southern Ocean sea ice (0.9 trillion tonnes) have all decreased in mass. Just over half (58 %) of the ice loss was from the Northern Hemisphere, and the remainder (42 %) was from the Southern Hemisphere. The rate of ice loss has risen by 57 % since the 1990s – from 0.8 to 1.2 trillion tonnes per year – owing to increased losses from mountain glaciers, Antarctica, Greenland and from Antarctic ice shelves. During the same period, the loss of grounded ice from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets and mountain glaciers raised the global sea level by 34.6 ± 3.1 mm. The majority of all ice losses were driven by atmospheric melting (68 % from Arctic sea ice, mountain glaciers ice shelf calving and ice sheet surface mass balance), with the remaining losses (32 % from ice sheet discharge and ice shelf thinning) being driven by oceanic melting. Altogether, these elements of the cryosphere have taken up 3.2 % of the global energy imbalance. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
T. Slater I. R. Lawrence I. N. Otosaka A. Shepherd N. Gourmelen L. Jakob P. Tepes L. Gilbert P. Nienow |
author_facet |
T. Slater I. R. Lawrence I. N. Otosaka A. Shepherd N. Gourmelen L. Jakob P. Tepes L. Gilbert P. Nienow |
author_sort |
T. Slater |
title |
Review article: Earth's ice imbalance |
title_short |
Review article: Earth's ice imbalance |
title_full |
Review article: Earth's ice imbalance |
title_fullStr |
Review article: Earth's ice imbalance |
title_full_unstemmed |
Review article: Earth's ice imbalance |
title_sort |
review article: earth's ice imbalance |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-233-2021 https://doaj.org/article/f9cb5bff2e654b50a6100a25185f4ca4 |
geographic |
Arctic Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic Greenland |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic Greenland |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Arctic Greenland Ice Sheet Ice Shelf Ice Shelves Sea ice Southern Ocean The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Arctic Greenland Ice Sheet Ice Shelf Ice Shelves Sea ice Southern Ocean The Cryosphere |
op_source |
The Cryosphere, Vol 15, Pp 233-246 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/233/2021/tc-15-233-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-15-233-2021 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/f9cb5bff2e654b50a6100a25185f4ca4 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-233-2021 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
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15 |
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1 |
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233 |
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246 |
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