The Effects of Ozone on Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolt in Brackish Water—Establishing Welfare Indicators and Thresholds
Ozone is a strong oxidant, and its use in aquaculture has been shown to improve water quality and fish health. At present, it is predominantly used in freshwater systems due to the high risk of toxic residual oxidant exposure in brackish water and seawater. Here, we report the effects of ozone on At...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:f6530875d9dc4299880b0009a9a8dc30 2023-05-15T15:31:29+02:00 The Effects of Ozone on Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolt in Brackish Water—Establishing Welfare Indicators and Thresholds Kevin T. Stiller Jelena Kolarevic Carlo C. Lazado Jascha Gerwins Christopher Good Steven T. Summerfelt Vasco C. Mota Åsa M. O. Espmark 2020-07-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145109 https://doaj.org/article/f6530875d9dc4299880b0009a9a8dc30 EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/14/5109 https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596 https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067 doi:10.3390/ijms21145109 1422-0067 1661-6596 https://doaj.org/article/f6530875d9dc4299880b0009a9a8dc30 International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 21, Iss 5109, p 5109 (2020) aquaculture ozone Atlantic salmon brackish water gill health Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 article 2020 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145109 2022-12-31T14:54:16Z Ozone is a strong oxidant, and its use in aquaculture has been shown to improve water quality and fish health. At present, it is predominantly used in freshwater systems due to the high risk of toxic residual oxidant exposure in brackish water and seawater. Here, we report the effects of ozone on Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) post-smolts (~100 g), in a brackish water (12 ppt) flow-through system. Salmon were exposed to oxidation reduction potential concentrations of 250 mV (control), 280 mV (low), 350 mV (medium), 425 mV (high) and 500 mV (very high). The physiological impacts of ozone were characterized by blood biochemical profiling, histopathologic examination and gene expression analysis in skin and gills. Fish exposed to 425 mV and higher showed ≥33% cumulative mortality in less than 10 days. No significant mortalities were recorded in the remaining groups. The skin surface quality and the thickness of the dermal and epidermal layers were not significantly affected by the treatments. On the other hand, gill histopathology showed the adverse effects of increasing ozone doses and the changes were more pronounced in the group exposed to 350 mV and higher. Cases of gill damages such as necrosis, lamellar fusion and hypertrophy were prevalent in the high and very high groups. Expression profiling of key biomarkers for mucosal health supported the histology results, showing that gills were significantly more affected by higher ozone doses compared to the skin. Increasing ozone doses triggered anti-oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the gills, where transcript levels of glutathione reductase , copper/zinc superoxide dismutase , interleukin 1β and interleukin were significantly elevated. Heat shock protein 70 was significantly upregulated in the skin of fish exposed to 350 mV and higher. Bcl-2 associated x protein was the only gene marker that was significantly upregulated by increasing ozone doses in both mucosal tissues. In conclusion, the study revealed that short-term exposure to ozone at ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21 14 5109 |
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language |
English |
topic |
aquaculture ozone Atlantic salmon brackish water gill health Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 |
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aquaculture ozone Atlantic salmon brackish water gill health Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Kevin T. Stiller Jelena Kolarevic Carlo C. Lazado Jascha Gerwins Christopher Good Steven T. Summerfelt Vasco C. Mota Åsa M. O. Espmark The Effects of Ozone on Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolt in Brackish Water—Establishing Welfare Indicators and Thresholds |
topic_facet |
aquaculture ozone Atlantic salmon brackish water gill health Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 |
description |
Ozone is a strong oxidant, and its use in aquaculture has been shown to improve water quality and fish health. At present, it is predominantly used in freshwater systems due to the high risk of toxic residual oxidant exposure in brackish water and seawater. Here, we report the effects of ozone on Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) post-smolts (~100 g), in a brackish water (12 ppt) flow-through system. Salmon were exposed to oxidation reduction potential concentrations of 250 mV (control), 280 mV (low), 350 mV (medium), 425 mV (high) and 500 mV (very high). The physiological impacts of ozone were characterized by blood biochemical profiling, histopathologic examination and gene expression analysis in skin and gills. Fish exposed to 425 mV and higher showed ≥33% cumulative mortality in less than 10 days. No significant mortalities were recorded in the remaining groups. The skin surface quality and the thickness of the dermal and epidermal layers were not significantly affected by the treatments. On the other hand, gill histopathology showed the adverse effects of increasing ozone doses and the changes were more pronounced in the group exposed to 350 mV and higher. Cases of gill damages such as necrosis, lamellar fusion and hypertrophy were prevalent in the high and very high groups. Expression profiling of key biomarkers for mucosal health supported the histology results, showing that gills were significantly more affected by higher ozone doses compared to the skin. Increasing ozone doses triggered anti-oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the gills, where transcript levels of glutathione reductase , copper/zinc superoxide dismutase , interleukin 1β and interleukin were significantly elevated. Heat shock protein 70 was significantly upregulated in the skin of fish exposed to 350 mV and higher. Bcl-2 associated x protein was the only gene marker that was significantly upregulated by increasing ozone doses in both mucosal tissues. In conclusion, the study revealed that short-term exposure to ozone at ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Kevin T. Stiller Jelena Kolarevic Carlo C. Lazado Jascha Gerwins Christopher Good Steven T. Summerfelt Vasco C. Mota Åsa M. O. Espmark |
author_facet |
Kevin T. Stiller Jelena Kolarevic Carlo C. Lazado Jascha Gerwins Christopher Good Steven T. Summerfelt Vasco C. Mota Åsa M. O. Espmark |
author_sort |
Kevin T. Stiller |
title |
The Effects of Ozone on Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolt in Brackish Water—Establishing Welfare Indicators and Thresholds |
title_short |
The Effects of Ozone on Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolt in Brackish Water—Establishing Welfare Indicators and Thresholds |
title_full |
The Effects of Ozone on Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolt in Brackish Water—Establishing Welfare Indicators and Thresholds |
title_fullStr |
The Effects of Ozone on Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolt in Brackish Water—Establishing Welfare Indicators and Thresholds |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Effects of Ozone on Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolt in Brackish Water—Establishing Welfare Indicators and Thresholds |
title_sort |
effects of ozone on atlantic salmon post-smolt in brackish water—establishing welfare indicators and thresholds |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145109 https://doaj.org/article/f6530875d9dc4299880b0009a9a8dc30 |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_source |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 21, Iss 5109, p 5109 (2020) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/14/5109 https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596 https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067 doi:10.3390/ijms21145109 1422-0067 1661-6596 https://doaj.org/article/f6530875d9dc4299880b0009a9a8dc30 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145109 |
container_title |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
container_volume |
21 |
container_issue |
14 |
container_start_page |
5109 |
_version_ |
1766361999372976128 |