Effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers
Objective: To study the effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Methods: The antibacterial activities of varying aqueous concentrations of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol were tested by the agar well diffusion method. The influences of differe...
Published in: | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2018
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.228437 https://doaj.org/article/f46d4b45626d4cc4b10c1a15c318171c |
id |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:f46d4b45626d4cc4b10c1a15c318171c |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:f46d4b45626d4cc4b10c1a15c318171c 2023-05-15T15:14:52+02:00 Effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers Nzekwe Ifeanyi Thaddeus Egbuna Chukwuemeka Francis Okpara Ogonna Jane Agubata Chukwuma Obumneme Esimone Charles Okechukwu 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.228437 https://doaj.org/article/f46d4b45626d4cc4b10c1a15c318171c EN eng Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications http://www.apjtm.org/article.asp?issn=1995-7645;year=2018;volume=11;issue=3;spage=222;epage=226;aulast=Thaddeus https://doaj.org/toc/2352-4146 2352-4146 doi:10.4103/1995-7645.228437 https://doaj.org/article/f46d4b45626d4cc4b10c1a15c318171c Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, Vol 11, Iss 3, Pp 222-226 (2018) infection control disinfection hand sanitizer alcohol optimization Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 article 2018 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.228437 2022-12-31T13:11:13Z Objective: To study the effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Methods: The antibacterial activities of varying aqueous concentrations of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol were tested by the agar well diffusion method. The influences of different concentrations of glycerin was similarly tested. Finally, isopropyl alcohol and benzalkonium chloride were combined in different ratios within the safe use concentrations of each, and the effects of these combinations were compared with values obtained for the two agents used alone. Statistical methods, such as student t test and one-way ANOVA were used when appropriate to evaluate the differences in activity. Results: The activities of the alcohols showed marked concentration dependence, and both showed peak activity at 85%–95% concentration range. Over the concentration range of 60%–100%, isopropyl alcohol inhibited more bacterial and fungal organisms than ethanol, though the inhibition zone diameters it produced were not statistically different from those of ethanol for organisms which were sensitive to both of them. Addition of glycerin reduced the antimicrobial activities of the isopropyl alcohol, as shown by reduction in the inhibition zone diameters produced in vitro, which may be due to reduced drug diffusion with increase in viscosity. Addition of benzalkonium to isopropyl alcohol systems improved the activity of the alcohol, but the overall activity of the combination was not superior to that seen in the use of benzalkonium alone. Conclusion: Alcohol-based hand sanitizers should not be used outside the concentration range of 85%–95% and isopropyl alcohol inhibits more bacterial and fungal organisms than ethanol for most concentrations. Inclusion of benzalkonium improves the antimicrobial spectrum and activity of isopropyl alcohol, and the combination may justifiably be used to achieve both immediate and long lasting effect. Glycerin may adversely affect the antimicrobial activities of isopropyl ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 11 3 222 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
infection control disinfection hand sanitizer alcohol optimization Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 |
spellingShingle |
infection control disinfection hand sanitizer alcohol optimization Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Nzekwe Ifeanyi Thaddeus Egbuna Chukwuemeka Francis Okpara Ogonna Jane Agubata Chukwuma Obumneme Esimone Charles Okechukwu Effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers |
topic_facet |
infection control disinfection hand sanitizer alcohol optimization Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 |
description |
Objective: To study the effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Methods: The antibacterial activities of varying aqueous concentrations of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol were tested by the agar well diffusion method. The influences of different concentrations of glycerin was similarly tested. Finally, isopropyl alcohol and benzalkonium chloride were combined in different ratios within the safe use concentrations of each, and the effects of these combinations were compared with values obtained for the two agents used alone. Statistical methods, such as student t test and one-way ANOVA were used when appropriate to evaluate the differences in activity. Results: The activities of the alcohols showed marked concentration dependence, and both showed peak activity at 85%–95% concentration range. Over the concentration range of 60%–100%, isopropyl alcohol inhibited more bacterial and fungal organisms than ethanol, though the inhibition zone diameters it produced were not statistically different from those of ethanol for organisms which were sensitive to both of them. Addition of glycerin reduced the antimicrobial activities of the isopropyl alcohol, as shown by reduction in the inhibition zone diameters produced in vitro, which may be due to reduced drug diffusion with increase in viscosity. Addition of benzalkonium to isopropyl alcohol systems improved the activity of the alcohol, but the overall activity of the combination was not superior to that seen in the use of benzalkonium alone. Conclusion: Alcohol-based hand sanitizers should not be used outside the concentration range of 85%–95% and isopropyl alcohol inhibits more bacterial and fungal organisms than ethanol for most concentrations. Inclusion of benzalkonium improves the antimicrobial spectrum and activity of isopropyl alcohol, and the combination may justifiably be used to achieve both immediate and long lasting effect. Glycerin may adversely affect the antimicrobial activities of isopropyl ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Nzekwe Ifeanyi Thaddeus Egbuna Chukwuemeka Francis Okpara Ogonna Jane Agubata Chukwuma Obumneme Esimone Charles Okechukwu |
author_facet |
Nzekwe Ifeanyi Thaddeus Egbuna Chukwuemeka Francis Okpara Ogonna Jane Agubata Chukwuma Obumneme Esimone Charles Okechukwu |
author_sort |
Nzekwe Ifeanyi Thaddeus |
title |
Effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers |
title_short |
Effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers |
title_full |
Effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers |
title_fullStr |
Effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers |
title_sort |
effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers |
publisher |
Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.228437 https://doaj.org/article/f46d4b45626d4cc4b10c1a15c318171c |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, Vol 11, Iss 3, Pp 222-226 (2018) |
op_relation |
http://www.apjtm.org/article.asp?issn=1995-7645;year=2018;volume=11;issue=3;spage=222;epage=226;aulast=Thaddeus https://doaj.org/toc/2352-4146 2352-4146 doi:10.4103/1995-7645.228437 https://doaj.org/article/f46d4b45626d4cc4b10c1a15c318171c |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.228437 |
container_title |
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine |
container_volume |
11 |
container_issue |
3 |
container_start_page |
222 |
_version_ |
1766345267472236544 |