Insights into the availability and distribution of oral artemisinin monotherapy in Myanmar: evidence from a nationally representative outlet survey
Abstract Background The containment of artemisinin resistance in Myanmar, historically an important probable origin and route of anti-malarial resistance to the India sub-continent and beyond, is crucial to global malaria control and elimination. This paper describes what is currently known about th...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:f3c1123c45f74cdab8cb43cacd964140 2023-05-15T15:17:56+02:00 Insights into the availability and distribution of oral artemisinin monotherapy in Myanmar: evidence from a nationally representative outlet survey ACTwatch Group Si Thu Thein Hnin Su Su Khin Aung Thi 2017-04-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1793-0 https://doaj.org/article/f3c1123c45f74cdab8cb43cacd964140 EN eng BMC http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-017-1793-0 https://doaj.org/toc/1475-2875 doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1793-0 1475-2875 https://doaj.org/article/f3c1123c45f74cdab8cb43cacd964140 Malaria Journal, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2017) Malaria Community Health Worker Artesunate Artemether Artemisinin Resistance Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 article 2017 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1793-0 2022-12-31T05:17:56Z Abstract Background The containment of artemisinin resistance in Myanmar, historically an important probable origin and route of anti-malarial resistance to the India sub-continent and beyond, is crucial to global malaria control and elimination. This paper describes what is currently known about the sale and distribution of oral artemisinin monotherapy (AMT) across Myanmar, where this medicine is commonly found. Methods A nationally representative 2015 outlet survey was conducted in the private sector, and among community health workers across four geographical domains. A national sample of outlets was screened for availability of malaria testing and treatment, and an audit was completed for all anti-malarials. Results A total of 3859 outlets across Myanmar had an anti-malarial in stock on the day of survey. Of the 3859 anti-malarial stocking outlets, 988 outlets stocked oral AMT. Availability of oral AMT was highest among outlets in the Western border (36.8%) versus other domains (Eastern, 15.0%; Central, 19.3% Coastal, 10.7%). Over 90% of the oral AMT service delivery points were private sector outlets: general retailers (49.4%), pharmacies (23.5%), and itinerant drug vendors (14.2%). Eleven unique oral AMT products were audited. The most common product audited was Artesunate®, manufactured by Mediplantex in Vietnam, which accounted for 79.9% of the oral AMT market share. Other oral AMT products were manufactured in China and in Myanmar. Over 60% of oral AMT products had a shelf life at purchase of greater than 2 years and only 14.7% were expired. The median number of oral AMT tablets typically dispensed to treat malaria was two tablets, approximately one tenth of a full adult course. The median price of a 50 mg tablet was $0.16. Conclusions Given the high availability and distribution of oral AMT, it is possible that Myanmar has become the last remaining viable market for any oral AMT in the region for manufacturers. National and international organizations need to act quickly and effectively to stop the ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Malaria Journal 16 1 |
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Open Polar |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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ftdoajarticles |
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English |
topic |
Malaria Community Health Worker Artesunate Artemether Artemisinin Resistance Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 |
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Malaria Community Health Worker Artesunate Artemether Artemisinin Resistance Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 ACTwatch Group Si Thu Thein Hnin Su Su Khin Aung Thi Insights into the availability and distribution of oral artemisinin monotherapy in Myanmar: evidence from a nationally representative outlet survey |
topic_facet |
Malaria Community Health Worker Artesunate Artemether Artemisinin Resistance Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 |
description |
Abstract Background The containment of artemisinin resistance in Myanmar, historically an important probable origin and route of anti-malarial resistance to the India sub-continent and beyond, is crucial to global malaria control and elimination. This paper describes what is currently known about the sale and distribution of oral artemisinin monotherapy (AMT) across Myanmar, where this medicine is commonly found. Methods A nationally representative 2015 outlet survey was conducted in the private sector, and among community health workers across four geographical domains. A national sample of outlets was screened for availability of malaria testing and treatment, and an audit was completed for all anti-malarials. Results A total of 3859 outlets across Myanmar had an anti-malarial in stock on the day of survey. Of the 3859 anti-malarial stocking outlets, 988 outlets stocked oral AMT. Availability of oral AMT was highest among outlets in the Western border (36.8%) versus other domains (Eastern, 15.0%; Central, 19.3% Coastal, 10.7%). Over 90% of the oral AMT service delivery points were private sector outlets: general retailers (49.4%), pharmacies (23.5%), and itinerant drug vendors (14.2%). Eleven unique oral AMT products were audited. The most common product audited was Artesunate®, manufactured by Mediplantex in Vietnam, which accounted for 79.9% of the oral AMT market share. Other oral AMT products were manufactured in China and in Myanmar. Over 60% of oral AMT products had a shelf life at purchase of greater than 2 years and only 14.7% were expired. The median number of oral AMT tablets typically dispensed to treat malaria was two tablets, approximately one tenth of a full adult course. The median price of a 50 mg tablet was $0.16. Conclusions Given the high availability and distribution of oral AMT, it is possible that Myanmar has become the last remaining viable market for any oral AMT in the region for manufacturers. National and international organizations need to act quickly and effectively to stop the ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
ACTwatch Group Si Thu Thein Hnin Su Su Khin Aung Thi |
author_facet |
ACTwatch Group Si Thu Thein Hnin Su Su Khin Aung Thi |
author_sort |
ACTwatch Group |
title |
Insights into the availability and distribution of oral artemisinin monotherapy in Myanmar: evidence from a nationally representative outlet survey |
title_short |
Insights into the availability and distribution of oral artemisinin monotherapy in Myanmar: evidence from a nationally representative outlet survey |
title_full |
Insights into the availability and distribution of oral artemisinin monotherapy in Myanmar: evidence from a nationally representative outlet survey |
title_fullStr |
Insights into the availability and distribution of oral artemisinin monotherapy in Myanmar: evidence from a nationally representative outlet survey |
title_full_unstemmed |
Insights into the availability and distribution of oral artemisinin monotherapy in Myanmar: evidence from a nationally representative outlet survey |
title_sort |
insights into the availability and distribution of oral artemisinin monotherapy in myanmar: evidence from a nationally representative outlet survey |
publisher |
BMC |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1793-0 https://doaj.org/article/f3c1123c45f74cdab8cb43cacd964140 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
Malaria Journal, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2017) |
op_relation |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-017-1793-0 https://doaj.org/toc/1475-2875 doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1793-0 1475-2875 https://doaj.org/article/f3c1123c45f74cdab8cb43cacd964140 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1793-0 |
container_title |
Malaria Journal |
container_volume |
16 |
container_issue |
1 |
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1766348182053191680 |