Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere climate to ice–ocean interface heat flux parameterizations
We investigate the impact of three different parameterizations of ice–ocean heat exchange on modeled sea ice thickness, sea ice concentration, and water masses. These three parameterizations are (1) an ice bath assumption with the ocean temperature fixed at the freezing temperature; (2) a two-equati...
Published in: | Geoscientific Model Development |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2021
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4891-2021 https://doaj.org/article/f379432aef6b47fbbc6f6922ab520062 |
id |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:f379432aef6b47fbbc6f6922ab520062 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:f379432aef6b47fbbc6f6922ab520062 2023-05-15T13:15:07+02:00 Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere climate to ice–ocean interface heat flux parameterizations X. Shi D. Notz J. Liu H. Yang G. Lohmann 2021-08-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4891-2021 https://doaj.org/article/f379432aef6b47fbbc6f6922ab520062 EN eng Copernicus Publications https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/4891/2021/gmd-14-4891-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1991-959X https://doaj.org/toc/1991-9603 doi:10.5194/gmd-14-4891-2021 1991-959X 1991-9603 https://doaj.org/article/f379432aef6b47fbbc6f6922ab520062 Geoscientific Model Development, Vol 14, Pp 4891-4908 (2021) Geology QE1-996.5 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4891-2021 2022-12-31T05:59:38Z We investigate the impact of three different parameterizations of ice–ocean heat exchange on modeled sea ice thickness, sea ice concentration, and water masses. These three parameterizations are (1) an ice bath assumption with the ocean temperature fixed at the freezing temperature; (2) a two-equation turbulent heat flux parameterization with ice–ocean heat exchange depending linearly on the temperature difference between the underlying ocean and the ice–ocean interface, whose temperature is kept at the freezing point of the seawater; and (3) a three-equation turbulent heat flux approach in which the ice–ocean heat flux depends on the temperature difference between the underlying ocean and the ice–ocean interface, whose temperature is calculated based on the local salinity set by the ice ablation rate. Based on model simulations with the stand-alone sea ice model CICE, the ice–ocean model MPIOM, and the climate model COSMOS, we find that compared to the most complex parameterization (3), the approaches (1) and (2) result in thinner Arctic sea ice, cooler water beneath high-concentration ice and warmer water towards the ice edge, and a lower salinity in the Arctic Ocean mixed layer. In particular, parameterization (1) results in the smallest sea ice thickness among the three parameterizations, as in this parameterization all potential heat in the underlying ocean is used for the melting of the sea ice above. For the same reason, the upper ocean layer of the central Arctic is cooler when using parameterization (1) compared to (2) and (3). Finally, in the fully coupled climate model COSMOS, parameterizations (1) and (2) result in a fairly similar oceanic or atmospheric circulation. In contrast, the most realistic parameterization (3) leads to an enhanced Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), a more positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) mode and a weakened Aleutian Low. Article in Journal/Newspaper aleutian low Arctic Arctic Ocean North Atlantic North Atlantic oscillation Sea ice Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Arctic Ocean Geoscientific Model Development 14 8 4891 4908 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Geology QE1-996.5 |
spellingShingle |
Geology QE1-996.5 X. Shi D. Notz J. Liu H. Yang G. Lohmann Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere climate to ice–ocean interface heat flux parameterizations |
topic_facet |
Geology QE1-996.5 |
description |
We investigate the impact of three different parameterizations of ice–ocean heat exchange on modeled sea ice thickness, sea ice concentration, and water masses. These three parameterizations are (1) an ice bath assumption with the ocean temperature fixed at the freezing temperature; (2) a two-equation turbulent heat flux parameterization with ice–ocean heat exchange depending linearly on the temperature difference between the underlying ocean and the ice–ocean interface, whose temperature is kept at the freezing point of the seawater; and (3) a three-equation turbulent heat flux approach in which the ice–ocean heat flux depends on the temperature difference between the underlying ocean and the ice–ocean interface, whose temperature is calculated based on the local salinity set by the ice ablation rate. Based on model simulations with the stand-alone sea ice model CICE, the ice–ocean model MPIOM, and the climate model COSMOS, we find that compared to the most complex parameterization (3), the approaches (1) and (2) result in thinner Arctic sea ice, cooler water beneath high-concentration ice and warmer water towards the ice edge, and a lower salinity in the Arctic Ocean mixed layer. In particular, parameterization (1) results in the smallest sea ice thickness among the three parameterizations, as in this parameterization all potential heat in the underlying ocean is used for the melting of the sea ice above. For the same reason, the upper ocean layer of the central Arctic is cooler when using parameterization (1) compared to (2) and (3). Finally, in the fully coupled climate model COSMOS, parameterizations (1) and (2) result in a fairly similar oceanic or atmospheric circulation. In contrast, the most realistic parameterization (3) leads to an enhanced Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), a more positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) mode and a weakened Aleutian Low. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
X. Shi D. Notz J. Liu H. Yang G. Lohmann |
author_facet |
X. Shi D. Notz J. Liu H. Yang G. Lohmann |
author_sort |
X. Shi |
title |
Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere climate to ice–ocean interface heat flux parameterizations |
title_short |
Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere climate to ice–ocean interface heat flux parameterizations |
title_full |
Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere climate to ice–ocean interface heat flux parameterizations |
title_fullStr |
Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere climate to ice–ocean interface heat flux parameterizations |
title_full_unstemmed |
Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere climate to ice–ocean interface heat flux parameterizations |
title_sort |
sensitivity of northern hemisphere climate to ice–ocean interface heat flux parameterizations |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4891-2021 https://doaj.org/article/f379432aef6b47fbbc6f6922ab520062 |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean |
genre |
aleutian low Arctic Arctic Ocean North Atlantic North Atlantic oscillation Sea ice |
genre_facet |
aleutian low Arctic Arctic Ocean North Atlantic North Atlantic oscillation Sea ice |
op_source |
Geoscientific Model Development, Vol 14, Pp 4891-4908 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/4891/2021/gmd-14-4891-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1991-959X https://doaj.org/toc/1991-9603 doi:10.5194/gmd-14-4891-2021 1991-959X 1991-9603 https://doaj.org/article/f379432aef6b47fbbc6f6922ab520062 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4891-2021 |
container_title |
Geoscientific Model Development |
container_volume |
14 |
container_issue |
8 |
container_start_page |
4891 |
op_container_end_page |
4908 |
_version_ |
1766267020436832256 |