Ocean Acidification Affects the Cytoskeleton, Lysozymes, and Nitric Oxide of Hemocytes: A Possible Explanation for the Hampered Phagocytosis in Blood Clams, Tegillarca granosa
An enormous amount of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) has been dissolved into the ocean, leading to a lower pH and changes in the chemical properties of seawater, which has been termed ocean acidification (OA). The impacts of pCO2-driven acidification on immunity have been revealed recently in va...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:eefbfaeb36c8494fb72fab328374fb75 2023-05-15T17:50:21+02:00 Ocean Acidification Affects the Cytoskeleton, Lysozymes, and Nitric Oxide of Hemocytes: A Possible Explanation for the Hampered Phagocytosis in Blood Clams, Tegillarca granosa Wenhao Su Jiahuan Rong Shanjie Zha Maocang Yan Jun Fang Guangxu Liu 2018-05-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00619 https://doaj.org/article/eefbfaeb36c8494fb72fab328374fb75 EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.00619/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-042X 1664-042X doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00619 https://doaj.org/article/eefbfaeb36c8494fb72fab328374fb75 Frontiers in Physiology, Vol 9 (2018) ocean acidification phagocytosis cytoskeleton NO lysozyme Physiology QP1-981 article 2018 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00619 2022-12-31T15:56:54Z An enormous amount of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) has been dissolved into the ocean, leading to a lower pH and changes in the chemical properties of seawater, which has been termed ocean acidification (OA). The impacts of pCO2-driven acidification on immunity have been revealed recently in various marine organisms. However, the mechanism causing the reduction in phagocytosis still remains unclear. Therefore, the impacts of pCO2-driven OA at present and near-future levels (pH values of 8.1, 7.8, and 7.4) on the rate of phagocytosis, the abundance of cytoskeleton components, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), and the concentration and activity of lysozymes (LZM) of hemocytes were investigated in a commercial bivalve species, the blood clam (Tegillarca granosa). In addition, the effects of OA on the expression of genes regulating actin skeleton and nitric oxide synthesis 2 (NOS2) were also analyzed. The results obtained showed that the phagocytic rate, cytoskeleton component abundance, concentration and activity of LZM of hemocytes were all significantly reduced after a 2-week exposure to the future OA scenario of a pH of 7.4. On the contrary, a remarkable increase in the concentration of NO compared to that of the control was detected in clams exposed to OA. Furthermore, the expression of genes regulating the actin cytoskeleton and NOS were significantly up-regulated after OA exposure. Though the mechanism causing phagocytosis seemed to be complicated based on the results obtained in the present study and those reported previously, our results suggested that OA may reduce the phagocytosis of hemocytes by (1) decreasing the abundance of cytoskeleton components and therefore hampering the cytoskeleton-mediated process of engulfment, (2) reducing the concentration and activity of LZM and therefore constraining the degradation of the engulfed pathogen through an oxygen-independent pathway, and (3) inducing the production of NO, which may negatively regulate immune responses. Article in Journal/Newspaper Ocean acidification Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Frontiers in Physiology 9 |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
ocean acidification phagocytosis cytoskeleton NO lysozyme Physiology QP1-981 |
spellingShingle |
ocean acidification phagocytosis cytoskeleton NO lysozyme Physiology QP1-981 Wenhao Su Jiahuan Rong Shanjie Zha Maocang Yan Jun Fang Guangxu Liu Ocean Acidification Affects the Cytoskeleton, Lysozymes, and Nitric Oxide of Hemocytes: A Possible Explanation for the Hampered Phagocytosis in Blood Clams, Tegillarca granosa |
topic_facet |
ocean acidification phagocytosis cytoskeleton NO lysozyme Physiology QP1-981 |
description |
An enormous amount of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) has been dissolved into the ocean, leading to a lower pH and changes in the chemical properties of seawater, which has been termed ocean acidification (OA). The impacts of pCO2-driven acidification on immunity have been revealed recently in various marine organisms. However, the mechanism causing the reduction in phagocytosis still remains unclear. Therefore, the impacts of pCO2-driven OA at present and near-future levels (pH values of 8.1, 7.8, and 7.4) on the rate of phagocytosis, the abundance of cytoskeleton components, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), and the concentration and activity of lysozymes (LZM) of hemocytes were investigated in a commercial bivalve species, the blood clam (Tegillarca granosa). In addition, the effects of OA on the expression of genes regulating actin skeleton and nitric oxide synthesis 2 (NOS2) were also analyzed. The results obtained showed that the phagocytic rate, cytoskeleton component abundance, concentration and activity of LZM of hemocytes were all significantly reduced after a 2-week exposure to the future OA scenario of a pH of 7.4. On the contrary, a remarkable increase in the concentration of NO compared to that of the control was detected in clams exposed to OA. Furthermore, the expression of genes regulating the actin cytoskeleton and NOS were significantly up-regulated after OA exposure. Though the mechanism causing phagocytosis seemed to be complicated based on the results obtained in the present study and those reported previously, our results suggested that OA may reduce the phagocytosis of hemocytes by (1) decreasing the abundance of cytoskeleton components and therefore hampering the cytoskeleton-mediated process of engulfment, (2) reducing the concentration and activity of LZM and therefore constraining the degradation of the engulfed pathogen through an oxygen-independent pathway, and (3) inducing the production of NO, which may negatively regulate immune responses. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Wenhao Su Jiahuan Rong Shanjie Zha Maocang Yan Jun Fang Guangxu Liu |
author_facet |
Wenhao Su Jiahuan Rong Shanjie Zha Maocang Yan Jun Fang Guangxu Liu |
author_sort |
Wenhao Su |
title |
Ocean Acidification Affects the Cytoskeleton, Lysozymes, and Nitric Oxide of Hemocytes: A Possible Explanation for the Hampered Phagocytosis in Blood Clams, Tegillarca granosa |
title_short |
Ocean Acidification Affects the Cytoskeleton, Lysozymes, and Nitric Oxide of Hemocytes: A Possible Explanation for the Hampered Phagocytosis in Blood Clams, Tegillarca granosa |
title_full |
Ocean Acidification Affects the Cytoskeleton, Lysozymes, and Nitric Oxide of Hemocytes: A Possible Explanation for the Hampered Phagocytosis in Blood Clams, Tegillarca granosa |
title_fullStr |
Ocean Acidification Affects the Cytoskeleton, Lysozymes, and Nitric Oxide of Hemocytes: A Possible Explanation for the Hampered Phagocytosis in Blood Clams, Tegillarca granosa |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ocean Acidification Affects the Cytoskeleton, Lysozymes, and Nitric Oxide of Hemocytes: A Possible Explanation for the Hampered Phagocytosis in Blood Clams, Tegillarca granosa |
title_sort |
ocean acidification affects the cytoskeleton, lysozymes, and nitric oxide of hemocytes: a possible explanation for the hampered phagocytosis in blood clams, tegillarca granosa |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00619 https://doaj.org/article/eefbfaeb36c8494fb72fab328374fb75 |
genre |
Ocean acidification |
genre_facet |
Ocean acidification |
op_source |
Frontiers in Physiology, Vol 9 (2018) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.00619/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-042X 1664-042X doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00619 https://doaj.org/article/eefbfaeb36c8494fb72fab328374fb75 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00619 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Physiology |
container_volume |
9 |
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1766157062929121280 |