Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective
Environmental challenges related to open sea cage production of Atlantic salmon have sparked interest in developing commercial-scale semi-closed sea systems for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (100–1000 g). Determining the mass-specific water flow required by post-smolts will largely influence the design...
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MDPI AG
2023
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 https://doaj.org/article/ee6379e33d864604b79af6a6bb233c18 |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:ee6379e33d864604b79af6a6bb233c18 2023-07-23T04:18:21+02:00 Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective Sara Calabrese Albert K. D. Imsland Tom Ole Nilsen Jelena Kolarevic Lars O. E. Ebbesson Camilla Diesen Hosfeld Sveinung Fivelstad Cindy Pedrosa Bendik Fyhn Terjesen Sigurd O. Stefansson Harald Takle Harald Sveier Frode Mathisen Sigurd O. Handeland 2023-05-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 https://doaj.org/article/ee6379e33d864604b79af6a6bb233c18 EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/285 https://doaj.org/toc/2410-3888 doi:10.3390/fishes8060285 2410-3888 https://doaj.org/article/ee6379e33d864604b79af6a6bb233c18 Fishes, Vol 8, Iss 285, p 285 (2023) fish welfare closed-containment aquaculture systems water quality specific water flow Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Genetics QH426-470 article 2023 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 2023-07-02T00:38:24Z Environmental challenges related to open sea cage production of Atlantic salmon have sparked interest in developing commercial-scale semi-closed sea systems for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (100–1000 g). Determining the mass-specific water flow required by post-smolts will largely influence the design and dimensioning of such systems. In this experiment, post-smolts were exposed to four levels of specific water flow: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 L kg fish −1 min −1 . All treatments involved flow-through seawater with full oxygenation, a salinity of 34‰, and a mean temperature of 9.3 °C. The stocking density was kept stable at 75 kg m −3 . Water pH decreased with reduced flow, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( p CO 2 ) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the water increased. The increase in water CO 2 was reflected in the blood with increased p CO 2 , HCO 3 − , and decreased Cl − in the lowest water flow treatment (0.2 L kg fish −1 min −1 ), indicating a typical regulatory response to increased water CO 2 over the eight-week experimental period. No negative effects on osmoregulation, external macroscopic welfare, or performance indicators were observed, suggesting that within the time period of this experiment, post-smolts can compensate for reductions in water flow down to 0.2 L kg fish −1 min −1 . However, to avoid activating and exhausting potentially energy-costly physiological regulatory mechanisms, it is suggested to keep specific water flow above 0.3 L kg fish −1 min −1 in large-scale operations with semi-closed sea systems at intermediate temperatures. Article in Journal/Newspaper Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Fishes 8 6 285 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
fish welfare closed-containment aquaculture systems water quality specific water flow Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Genetics QH426-470 |
spellingShingle |
fish welfare closed-containment aquaculture systems water quality specific water flow Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Genetics QH426-470 Sara Calabrese Albert K. D. Imsland Tom Ole Nilsen Jelena Kolarevic Lars O. E. Ebbesson Camilla Diesen Hosfeld Sveinung Fivelstad Cindy Pedrosa Bendik Fyhn Terjesen Sigurd O. Stefansson Harald Takle Harald Sveier Frode Mathisen Sigurd O. Handeland Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
topic_facet |
fish welfare closed-containment aquaculture systems water quality specific water flow Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Genetics QH426-470 |
description |
Environmental challenges related to open sea cage production of Atlantic salmon have sparked interest in developing commercial-scale semi-closed sea systems for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (100–1000 g). Determining the mass-specific water flow required by post-smolts will largely influence the design and dimensioning of such systems. In this experiment, post-smolts were exposed to four levels of specific water flow: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 L kg fish −1 min −1 . All treatments involved flow-through seawater with full oxygenation, a salinity of 34‰, and a mean temperature of 9.3 °C. The stocking density was kept stable at 75 kg m −3 . Water pH decreased with reduced flow, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( p CO 2 ) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the water increased. The increase in water CO 2 was reflected in the blood with increased p CO 2 , HCO 3 − , and decreased Cl − in the lowest water flow treatment (0.2 L kg fish −1 min −1 ), indicating a typical regulatory response to increased water CO 2 over the eight-week experimental period. No negative effects on osmoregulation, external macroscopic welfare, or performance indicators were observed, suggesting that within the time period of this experiment, post-smolts can compensate for reductions in water flow down to 0.2 L kg fish −1 min −1 . However, to avoid activating and exhausting potentially energy-costly physiological regulatory mechanisms, it is suggested to keep specific water flow above 0.3 L kg fish −1 min −1 in large-scale operations with semi-closed sea systems at intermediate temperatures. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Sara Calabrese Albert K. D. Imsland Tom Ole Nilsen Jelena Kolarevic Lars O. E. Ebbesson Camilla Diesen Hosfeld Sveinung Fivelstad Cindy Pedrosa Bendik Fyhn Terjesen Sigurd O. Stefansson Harald Takle Harald Sveier Frode Mathisen Sigurd O. Handeland |
author_facet |
Sara Calabrese Albert K. D. Imsland Tom Ole Nilsen Jelena Kolarevic Lars O. E. Ebbesson Camilla Diesen Hosfeld Sveinung Fivelstad Cindy Pedrosa Bendik Fyhn Terjesen Sigurd O. Stefansson Harald Takle Harald Sveier Frode Mathisen Sigurd O. Handeland |
author_sort |
Sara Calabrese |
title |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_short |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_full |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_fullStr |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_full_unstemmed |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_sort |
water flow requirements of post-smolt atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l.) reared in intensive seawater flow-through systems: a physiological perspective |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 https://doaj.org/article/ee6379e33d864604b79af6a6bb233c18 |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_source |
Fishes, Vol 8, Iss 285, p 285 (2023) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/285 https://doaj.org/toc/2410-3888 doi:10.3390/fishes8060285 2410-3888 https://doaj.org/article/ee6379e33d864604b79af6a6bb233c18 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 |
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Fishes |
container_volume |
8 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
285 |
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1772180633429213184 |