Food and Nutrient Intake during Pregnancy in Relation to Maternal Characteristics: Results from the NICE Birth Cohort in Northern Sweden

• Published in: Nutrients
• Main Authors: Mia Stråvik, Karin Jonsson, Olle Hartvigsson, Anna Sandin, Agnes E. Wold, Ann-Sofie Sandberg, Malin Barman
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2019
• Subjects: nutrition; pregnancy; micronutrients; macronutrients; food intake; lifestyle; NICE study; Nutrition. Foods and food supply; TX341-641; Fries; Northern Sweden
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071680; https://doaj.org/article/ea4f320631474f20b28699b33ef18c7e

Linkages between diet and other lifestyle factors may confound observational studies. We used cluster analysis to analyze how the intake of food and nutrients during pregnancy co-varies with lifestyle, clinical and demographic factors in 567 women who participated in the NICE (nutritional impact on immunological maturation during childhood in relation to the environment) birth-cohort in northern Sweden. A food frequency questionnaire, Meal-Q, was administered in pregnancy Week 34, and the reported food and nutrient intakes were related to maternal characteristics such as age, education, rural/town residence, parity, pre-pregnancy smoking, first-trimester BMI, allergy and hyperemesis. Two lifestyle-diet clusters were identified: (1) High level of education and higher age were related to one another, and associated with a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fish, and (2) smoking before pregnancy and higher BMI in early pregnancy were related to one another and associated with a diet that contained white bread, French fries, pizza, meat, soft drinks, candy and snacks. More than half of the women had lower-than-recommended daily intake levels of vitamin D, folate, selenium, and iodine. Complex lifestyle-diet interactions should be considered in observational studies that link diet and pregnancy outcome.