| Summary: | Hojjat Daniali,1 Mollie A Ruben,2 Per M Aslaksen,3 Charlotte Fiskum,1 Ted J Kaptchuk,4 Magne A Flaten1 1Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; 2Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; 3Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; 4Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USACorrespondence: Hojjat Daniali, Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway, Email hojjat.daniali@ntnu.noIntroduction: Studies suggest facial expressions of caregivers may be important in placebo effects; however, this has not been systematically tested. This experiment investigated the effects of caregivers’ singular positive nonverbal behaviours (NBs) on pain reports.Methods: Fifty-one males and 53 females (total of 104) participants were randomized to four groups that were displayed positive facial expressions, tone of voice, body movement, or neutral NBs of videotaped experimenters. Subjective reports of pain, stress, arousal, and cardiac activity were obtained in a pre-test, a conditioning phase, and at a post-test. Four minutes of heat pain was induced in each test, and a placebo cream was administered before the conditioning and post-test in all groups.Results: There were no differences between the NB groups in the reduced pain. Males had larger reduction in pain in the post-test, and females had lower arousal than the opposite sex. During the conditioning, females had larger reduction in pain ie, unconditioned pain response (UPR). In females, the UPR predicted the reinforced expectation ie, increase in expectations from conditioning to post-test, and fear of minor pain negatively predicted both the UPR and reinforced expectation.Discussion: Singular NBs of caregiver were weak to enhance placebo effects. Females had lower pain during conditioning, and the UPR amplitude in females was associated with ...
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