Subaerial hot springs and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems past and present, and possible extraterrestrial analogues
The principal features, geotectonic settings and association with near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems of ancient and present subaerial hot springs, fumaroles and geysers are herein reviewed. Fumaroles and geysers usually occur in volcanic craters and are in most cases, part and parcel of hot s...
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2020
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.04.001 https://doaj.org/article/e8d2267a7f7e42d2bab5a94171d7a2a0 |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:e8d2267a7f7e42d2bab5a94171d7a2a0 2023-10-01T04:00:02+02:00 Subaerial hot springs and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems past and present, and possible extraterrestrial analogues Franco Pirajno 2020-09-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.04.001 https://doaj.org/article/e8d2267a7f7e42d2bab5a94171d7a2a0 EN eng Elsevier http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987120300906 https://doaj.org/toc/1674-9871 1674-9871 doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2020.04.001 https://doaj.org/article/e8d2267a7f7e42d2bab5a94171d7a2a0 Geoscience Frontiers, Vol 11, Iss 5, Pp 1549-1569 (2020) Subaerial hot springs Fumaroles Chemical sediments Hydrothermal systems Afar Erongo volcano-plutonic complex Geology QE1-996.5 article 2020 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.04.001 2023-09-03T00:43:20Z The principal features, geotectonic settings and association with near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems of ancient and present subaerial hot springs, fumaroles and geysers are herein reviewed. Fumaroles and geysers usually occur in volcanic craters and are in most cases, part and parcel of hot spring environments. Subaerial hot springs are characterised by siliceous- and carbonate-rich chemical sediments, such as sinters and travertines, respectively. Sinters are commonly enriched in various metalliferous elements. Hot springs surface discharges are also characterised by pools, which exhibit bright colours due to the presence of microorganisms. Present-day examples discussed in this paper, include the fumaroles and hot springs of the White Island volcano (New Zealand), the world-renowned Yellowstone caldera (USA) and the Afar region of the East African Rift System. The Afar triangle, in the northern part of East African Rift System, provides a good example of hot springs associated with evaporative deposits. The Tuli-Sabi-Lebombo triple junction rifts were formed during the ~ 180 Ma Karoo igneous event in southern Africa, of which the Tuli arm is the failed rift (aulacogen), as is the Afar region. The Tuli rift is effectively an unusual, if not unique, tectono-thermal setting, because it comprises Karoo-age hot springs systems and associated vein stockworks and breccias, which includes the Messina Cu deposit as well as currently active hot springs with sinter deposits probably due to post-Karoo uplift. Fumarolic pipes in ignimbrites of the Erongo Volcano-Plutonic Complex in Namibia are discussed. This is followed by an example of banded chert rocks in the Killara Formation of the Palaeoproterozoic Capricorn Orogen (Western Australia), interpreted as hot spring chemical sediments, which also show evidence of “fossil” microbial filaments. The paper ends with a brief overview of possible analogues of hot springs on planet Mars. Article in Journal/Newspaper White Island Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles New Zealand White Island ENVELOPE(48.583,48.583,-66.733,-66.733) Geoscience Frontiers 11 5 1549 1569 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Subaerial hot springs Fumaroles Chemical sediments Hydrothermal systems Afar Erongo volcano-plutonic complex Geology QE1-996.5 |
spellingShingle |
Subaerial hot springs Fumaroles Chemical sediments Hydrothermal systems Afar Erongo volcano-plutonic complex Geology QE1-996.5 Franco Pirajno Subaerial hot springs and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems past and present, and possible extraterrestrial analogues |
topic_facet |
Subaerial hot springs Fumaroles Chemical sediments Hydrothermal systems Afar Erongo volcano-plutonic complex Geology QE1-996.5 |
description |
The principal features, geotectonic settings and association with near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems of ancient and present subaerial hot springs, fumaroles and geysers are herein reviewed. Fumaroles and geysers usually occur in volcanic craters and are in most cases, part and parcel of hot spring environments. Subaerial hot springs are characterised by siliceous- and carbonate-rich chemical sediments, such as sinters and travertines, respectively. Sinters are commonly enriched in various metalliferous elements. Hot springs surface discharges are also characterised by pools, which exhibit bright colours due to the presence of microorganisms. Present-day examples discussed in this paper, include the fumaroles and hot springs of the White Island volcano (New Zealand), the world-renowned Yellowstone caldera (USA) and the Afar region of the East African Rift System. The Afar triangle, in the northern part of East African Rift System, provides a good example of hot springs associated with evaporative deposits. The Tuli-Sabi-Lebombo triple junction rifts were formed during the ~ 180 Ma Karoo igneous event in southern Africa, of which the Tuli arm is the failed rift (aulacogen), as is the Afar region. The Tuli rift is effectively an unusual, if not unique, tectono-thermal setting, because it comprises Karoo-age hot springs systems and associated vein stockworks and breccias, which includes the Messina Cu deposit as well as currently active hot springs with sinter deposits probably due to post-Karoo uplift. Fumarolic pipes in ignimbrites of the Erongo Volcano-Plutonic Complex in Namibia are discussed. This is followed by an example of banded chert rocks in the Killara Formation of the Palaeoproterozoic Capricorn Orogen (Western Australia), interpreted as hot spring chemical sediments, which also show evidence of “fossil” microbial filaments. The paper ends with a brief overview of possible analogues of hot springs on planet Mars. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Franco Pirajno |
author_facet |
Franco Pirajno |
author_sort |
Franco Pirajno |
title |
Subaerial hot springs and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems past and present, and possible extraterrestrial analogues |
title_short |
Subaerial hot springs and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems past and present, and possible extraterrestrial analogues |
title_full |
Subaerial hot springs and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems past and present, and possible extraterrestrial analogues |
title_fullStr |
Subaerial hot springs and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems past and present, and possible extraterrestrial analogues |
title_full_unstemmed |
Subaerial hot springs and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems past and present, and possible extraterrestrial analogues |
title_sort |
subaerial hot springs and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems past and present, and possible extraterrestrial analogues |
publisher |
Elsevier |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.04.001 https://doaj.org/article/e8d2267a7f7e42d2bab5a94171d7a2a0 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(48.583,48.583,-66.733,-66.733) |
geographic |
New Zealand White Island |
geographic_facet |
New Zealand White Island |
genre |
White Island |
genre_facet |
White Island |
op_source |
Geoscience Frontiers, Vol 11, Iss 5, Pp 1549-1569 (2020) |
op_relation |
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987120300906 https://doaj.org/toc/1674-9871 1674-9871 doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2020.04.001 https://doaj.org/article/e8d2267a7f7e42d2bab5a94171d7a2a0 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.04.001 |
container_title |
Geoscience Frontiers |
container_volume |
11 |
container_issue |
5 |
container_start_page |
1549 |
op_container_end_page |
1569 |
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1778534683731034112 |