Agreement ℜ of Four Analytical Methods Applied to Pb in Soils from the Small City of St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
In the small city of St. John’s, NL (2020 population ~114,000), 100% of the soils of the pre-1926 properties exceeded the Canadian soil Pb standard, 140 mg/kg. The Pb was traced to high-Pb coal ash used for heating and disposed on the soils outside. Analytical instruments became available in the lat...
Published in: | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:e555223cd5b74c4cba52d8213aa77ecb 2023-05-15T17:22:46+02:00 Agreement ℜ of Four Analytical Methods Applied to Pb in Soils from the Small City of St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada Christopher R. Gonzales Anna A. Paltseva Trevor Bell Eric T. Powell Howard W. Mielke 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189863 https://doaj.org/article/e555223cd5b74c4cba52d8213aa77ecb EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9863 https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827 https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601 doi:10.3390/ijerph18189863 1660-4601 1661-7827 https://doaj.org/article/e555223cd5b74c4cba52d8213aa77ecb International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 9863, p 9863 (2021) urban soil soil extractions bioaccessibility Berry–Mielke’s Universal ℜ agreement statistics human exposure pXRF Medicine R article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189863 2022-12-31T13:10:28Z In the small city of St. John’s, NL (2020 population ~114,000), 100% of the soils of the pre-1926 properties exceeded the Canadian soil Pb standard, 140 mg/kg. The Pb was traced to high-Pb coal ash used for heating and disposed on the soils outside. Analytical instruments became available in the late 1960s and 1970s and were first used for blood Pb and clinical studies and repurposed for measuring environmental Pb. The environmental research part of this study compared four common soil Pb analysis methods on the same set (N = 96) of St. John’s soil samples. The methods: The US EPA method 3050B, portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF), The Chaney–Mielke leachate extraction (1 M nitric acid), and the relative bioaccessibility leaching procedure (US EPA method 1340). Correlation is not the same as agreement ℜ. There is strong agreement (Berry–Mielke’s Universal ℜ) among the four soil Pb analytical methods. Accordingly, precaution is normally advisable to protect children from the high-Pb garden soils and play areas. A public health reality check by Health Canada surveillance of St. John’s children (N = 257) noted remarkably low blood Pb. The low blood Pb of St. John’s’ children is contrary to the soil Pb results. Known urban processes causing the rise of environmental Pb and children’s Pb exposure includes particle size, aerosol emission by traffic congestion, and quantities of leaded petrol during the 20th century. Smaller cities had minor traffic congestion and limited combustion particles from leaded petrol. From the perspective of the 20th century era of urban Pb pollution, St. John’s, NL, children have blood Pb characteristics of a small city. Article in Journal/Newspaper Newfoundland Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Canada International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 18 9863 |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
urban soil soil extractions bioaccessibility Berry–Mielke’s Universal ℜ agreement statistics human exposure pXRF Medicine R |
spellingShingle |
urban soil soil extractions bioaccessibility Berry–Mielke’s Universal ℜ agreement statistics human exposure pXRF Medicine R Christopher R. Gonzales Anna A. Paltseva Trevor Bell Eric T. Powell Howard W. Mielke Agreement ℜ of Four Analytical Methods Applied to Pb in Soils from the Small City of St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada |
topic_facet |
urban soil soil extractions bioaccessibility Berry–Mielke’s Universal ℜ agreement statistics human exposure pXRF Medicine R |
description |
In the small city of St. John’s, NL (2020 population ~114,000), 100% of the soils of the pre-1926 properties exceeded the Canadian soil Pb standard, 140 mg/kg. The Pb was traced to high-Pb coal ash used for heating and disposed on the soils outside. Analytical instruments became available in the late 1960s and 1970s and were first used for blood Pb and clinical studies and repurposed for measuring environmental Pb. The environmental research part of this study compared four common soil Pb analysis methods on the same set (N = 96) of St. John’s soil samples. The methods: The US EPA method 3050B, portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF), The Chaney–Mielke leachate extraction (1 M nitric acid), and the relative bioaccessibility leaching procedure (US EPA method 1340). Correlation is not the same as agreement ℜ. There is strong agreement (Berry–Mielke’s Universal ℜ) among the four soil Pb analytical methods. Accordingly, precaution is normally advisable to protect children from the high-Pb garden soils and play areas. A public health reality check by Health Canada surveillance of St. John’s children (N = 257) noted remarkably low blood Pb. The low blood Pb of St. John’s’ children is contrary to the soil Pb results. Known urban processes causing the rise of environmental Pb and children’s Pb exposure includes particle size, aerosol emission by traffic congestion, and quantities of leaded petrol during the 20th century. Smaller cities had minor traffic congestion and limited combustion particles from leaded petrol. From the perspective of the 20th century era of urban Pb pollution, St. John’s, NL, children have blood Pb characteristics of a small city. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Christopher R. Gonzales Anna A. Paltseva Trevor Bell Eric T. Powell Howard W. Mielke |
author_facet |
Christopher R. Gonzales Anna A. Paltseva Trevor Bell Eric T. Powell Howard W. Mielke |
author_sort |
Christopher R. Gonzales |
title |
Agreement ℜ of Four Analytical Methods Applied to Pb in Soils from the Small City of St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada |
title_short |
Agreement ℜ of Four Analytical Methods Applied to Pb in Soils from the Small City of St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada |
title_full |
Agreement ℜ of Four Analytical Methods Applied to Pb in Soils from the Small City of St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada |
title_fullStr |
Agreement ℜ of Four Analytical Methods Applied to Pb in Soils from the Small City of St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada |
title_full_unstemmed |
Agreement ℜ of Four Analytical Methods Applied to Pb in Soils from the Small City of St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada |
title_sort |
agreement ℜ of four analytical methods applied to pb in soils from the small city of st. john’s, newfoundland, canada |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189863 https://doaj.org/article/e555223cd5b74c4cba52d8213aa77ecb |
geographic |
Canada |
geographic_facet |
Canada |
genre |
Newfoundland |
genre_facet |
Newfoundland |
op_source |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 9863, p 9863 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9863 https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827 https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601 doi:10.3390/ijerph18189863 1660-4601 1661-7827 https://doaj.org/article/e555223cd5b74c4cba52d8213aa77ecb |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189863 |
container_title |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
container_volume |
18 |
container_issue |
18 |
container_start_page |
9863 |
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1766109621884289024 |