Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima ) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products
The Baltic and North Seas still contain large amounts of dumped munitions from both World Wars. The exposure of the munition shells to the seawater causes corrosion, which leads to the disintegration of shells and a leakage of energetic compounds, including the highly toxic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TN...
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2022
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:e1e2d2be8f084ea7829108e4b826ad2b 2023-05-15T15:55:57+02:00 Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima ) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products Luca Aroha Schick Jennifer Susanne Strehse Tobias Hartwig Bünning Edmund Maser Ursula Siebert 2022-11-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110685 https://doaj.org/article/e1e2d2be8f084ea7829108e4b826ad2b EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/11/685 https://doaj.org/toc/2305-6304 doi:10.3390/toxics10110685 2305-6304 https://doaj.org/article/e1e2d2be8f084ea7829108e4b826ad2b Toxics, Vol 10, Iss 685, p 685 (2022) dumped munitions TNT toxicity food chain Common Eider marine environment Chemical technology TP1-1185 article 2022 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110685 2022-12-30T20:07:54Z The Baltic and North Seas still contain large amounts of dumped munitions from both World Wars. The exposure of the munition shells to the seawater causes corrosion, which leads to the disintegration of shells and a leakage of energetic compounds, including the highly toxic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and consequently threatening the marine environment. To evaluate the risk of accumulation of energetic compounds from conventional munitions in the marine food chain, we analyzed the presence of TNT and its metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) as well as their byproducts 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) in different tissues (including muscle, liver, kidney, brain, and bile) from 25 Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima ) from the Danish Baltic Sea. Tissues were prepared according to approved protocols, followed by GC-MS/MS analysis. None of the aforementioned energetic compounds were detected in any of the samples. This pilot study is one of the first analyzing the presence of explosive chemicals in tissues from a free-ranging predatory species. This study highlights the need for continuous monitoring at different levels of the trophic chain to increase our knowledge on the distribution and possible accumulation of energetic compounds in the marine environment in order to provide reliable data for decision-making tools and risk assessments. Article in Journal/Newspaper Common Eider Somateria mollissima Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Toxics 10 11 685 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
dumped munitions TNT toxicity food chain Common Eider marine environment Chemical technology TP1-1185 |
spellingShingle |
dumped munitions TNT toxicity food chain Common Eider marine environment Chemical technology TP1-1185 Luca Aroha Schick Jennifer Susanne Strehse Tobias Hartwig Bünning Edmund Maser Ursula Siebert Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima ) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products |
topic_facet |
dumped munitions TNT toxicity food chain Common Eider marine environment Chemical technology TP1-1185 |
description |
The Baltic and North Seas still contain large amounts of dumped munitions from both World Wars. The exposure of the munition shells to the seawater causes corrosion, which leads to the disintegration of shells and a leakage of energetic compounds, including the highly toxic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and consequently threatening the marine environment. To evaluate the risk of accumulation of energetic compounds from conventional munitions in the marine food chain, we analyzed the presence of TNT and its metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) as well as their byproducts 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) in different tissues (including muscle, liver, kidney, brain, and bile) from 25 Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima ) from the Danish Baltic Sea. Tissues were prepared according to approved protocols, followed by GC-MS/MS analysis. None of the aforementioned energetic compounds were detected in any of the samples. This pilot study is one of the first analyzing the presence of explosive chemicals in tissues from a free-ranging predatory species. This study highlights the need for continuous monitoring at different levels of the trophic chain to increase our knowledge on the distribution and possible accumulation of energetic compounds in the marine environment in order to provide reliable data for decision-making tools and risk assessments. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Luca Aroha Schick Jennifer Susanne Strehse Tobias Hartwig Bünning Edmund Maser Ursula Siebert |
author_facet |
Luca Aroha Schick Jennifer Susanne Strehse Tobias Hartwig Bünning Edmund Maser Ursula Siebert |
author_sort |
Luca Aroha Schick |
title |
Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima ) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products |
title_short |
Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima ) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products |
title_full |
Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima ) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products |
title_fullStr |
Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima ) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products |
title_full_unstemmed |
Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima ) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products |
title_sort |
energetic compounds in the trophic chain—a pilot study examining the exposure risk of common eiders ( somateria mollissima ) to tnt, its metabolites, and by-products |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110685 https://doaj.org/article/e1e2d2be8f084ea7829108e4b826ad2b |
genre |
Common Eider Somateria mollissima |
genre_facet |
Common Eider Somateria mollissima |
op_source |
Toxics, Vol 10, Iss 685, p 685 (2022) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/11/685 https://doaj.org/toc/2305-6304 doi:10.3390/toxics10110685 2305-6304 https://doaj.org/article/e1e2d2be8f084ea7829108e4b826ad2b |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110685 |
container_title |
Toxics |
container_volume |
10 |
container_issue |
11 |
container_start_page |
685 |
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1766391437380812800 |