NUMERICAL MODEL FOR THE KRAKATOA HYDROVOLCANIC EXPLOSION AND TSUNAMI
Krakatoa exploded August 27, 1883 obliterating 5 square miles of land and leaving a crater 3.5 miles across and 200-300 meters deep. Thirty three feet high tsunami waves hit Anjer and Merak demolishing the towns and killing over 10,000 people. In Merak the wave rose to 135 feet above sea level and m...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:dfb9f9a226cb417aac40bee3aee9bb03 2023-05-15T16:52:10+02:00 NUMERICAL MODEL FOR THE KRAKATOA HYDROVOLCANIC EXPLOSION AND TSUNAMI Charles L. Mader Michael L. Gittings 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z https://doaj.org/article/dfb9f9a226cb417aac40bee3aee9bb03 EN eng Tsunami Society International http://tsunamisociety.org/243krak.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/8755-6839 8755-6839 https://doaj.org/article/dfb9f9a226cb417aac40bee3aee9bb03 Science of Tsunami Hazards, Vol 24, Iss 3, Pp 174-182 (2006) tsunami Krakatoa earthquakes volcanoes hydrovolcanic explosions numerical modeling Oceanography GC1-1581 article 2006 ftdoajarticles 2022-12-31T16:23:53Z Krakatoa exploded August 27, 1883 obliterating 5 square miles of land and leaving a crater 3.5 miles across and 200-300 meters deep. Thirty three feet high tsunami waves hit Anjer and Merak demolishing the towns and killing over 10,000 people. In Merak the wave rose to 135 feet above sea level and moved 100 ton coral blocks up on the shore.Tsunami waves swept over 300 coastal towns and villages killing 40,000 people. The sea withdrew at Bombay, India and killed one person in Sri Lanka.The tsunami was produced by a hydrovolcanic explosion and the associated shock wave and pyroclastic flows.A hydrovolcanic explosion is generated by the interaction of hot magma with ground water. It is called Surtseyan after the 1963 explosive eruption off Iceland. The water flashes to steam and expands explosively. Liquid water becoming water gas at constant volume generates a pressure of 30,000 atmospheres.The Krakatoa hydrovolcanic explosion was modeled using the full Navier-Stokes AMREulerian compressible hydrodynamic code called SAGE which includes the high pressure physics of explosions.The water in the hydrovolcanic explosion was described as liquid water heated by the magma to 1100 degree Kelvin or 19 kcal/mole. The high temperature water is an explosive with the hot liquid water going to a water gas. The BKW steady state detonation state has a peak pressure of 89 kilobars, a propagation velocity of 5900 meters/second and the water is compressed to 1.33 grams/cc.The observed Krakatoa tsunami had a period of less than 5 minutes and wavelength of less than 7 kilometers and thus rapidly decayed. The far field tsunami wave was negligible. The air shock generated by the hydrovolcanic explosion propagated around the world and coupled to the ocean resulting in the explosion being recorded on tide gauges around the world. Article in Journal/Newspaper Iceland Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Bombay ENVELOPE(-60.783,-60.783,-63.900,-63.900) |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
tsunami Krakatoa earthquakes volcanoes hydrovolcanic explosions numerical modeling Oceanography GC1-1581 |
spellingShingle |
tsunami Krakatoa earthquakes volcanoes hydrovolcanic explosions numerical modeling Oceanography GC1-1581 Charles L. Mader Michael L. Gittings NUMERICAL MODEL FOR THE KRAKATOA HYDROVOLCANIC EXPLOSION AND TSUNAMI |
topic_facet |
tsunami Krakatoa earthquakes volcanoes hydrovolcanic explosions numerical modeling Oceanography GC1-1581 |
description |
Krakatoa exploded August 27, 1883 obliterating 5 square miles of land and leaving a crater 3.5 miles across and 200-300 meters deep. Thirty three feet high tsunami waves hit Anjer and Merak demolishing the towns and killing over 10,000 people. In Merak the wave rose to 135 feet above sea level and moved 100 ton coral blocks up on the shore.Tsunami waves swept over 300 coastal towns and villages killing 40,000 people. The sea withdrew at Bombay, India and killed one person in Sri Lanka.The tsunami was produced by a hydrovolcanic explosion and the associated shock wave and pyroclastic flows.A hydrovolcanic explosion is generated by the interaction of hot magma with ground water. It is called Surtseyan after the 1963 explosive eruption off Iceland. The water flashes to steam and expands explosively. Liquid water becoming water gas at constant volume generates a pressure of 30,000 atmospheres.The Krakatoa hydrovolcanic explosion was modeled using the full Navier-Stokes AMREulerian compressible hydrodynamic code called SAGE which includes the high pressure physics of explosions.The water in the hydrovolcanic explosion was described as liquid water heated by the magma to 1100 degree Kelvin or 19 kcal/mole. The high temperature water is an explosive with the hot liquid water going to a water gas. The BKW steady state detonation state has a peak pressure of 89 kilobars, a propagation velocity of 5900 meters/second and the water is compressed to 1.33 grams/cc.The observed Krakatoa tsunami had a period of less than 5 minutes and wavelength of less than 7 kilometers and thus rapidly decayed. The far field tsunami wave was negligible. The air shock generated by the hydrovolcanic explosion propagated around the world and coupled to the ocean resulting in the explosion being recorded on tide gauges around the world. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Charles L. Mader Michael L. Gittings |
author_facet |
Charles L. Mader Michael L. Gittings |
author_sort |
Charles L. Mader |
title |
NUMERICAL MODEL FOR THE KRAKATOA HYDROVOLCANIC EXPLOSION AND TSUNAMI |
title_short |
NUMERICAL MODEL FOR THE KRAKATOA HYDROVOLCANIC EXPLOSION AND TSUNAMI |
title_full |
NUMERICAL MODEL FOR THE KRAKATOA HYDROVOLCANIC EXPLOSION AND TSUNAMI |
title_fullStr |
NUMERICAL MODEL FOR THE KRAKATOA HYDROVOLCANIC EXPLOSION AND TSUNAMI |
title_full_unstemmed |
NUMERICAL MODEL FOR THE KRAKATOA HYDROVOLCANIC EXPLOSION AND TSUNAMI |
title_sort |
numerical model for the krakatoa hydrovolcanic explosion and tsunami |
publisher |
Tsunami Society International |
publishDate |
2006 |
url |
https://doaj.org/article/dfb9f9a226cb417aac40bee3aee9bb03 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-60.783,-60.783,-63.900,-63.900) |
geographic |
Bombay |
geographic_facet |
Bombay |
genre |
Iceland |
genre_facet |
Iceland |
op_source |
Science of Tsunami Hazards, Vol 24, Iss 3, Pp 174-182 (2006) |
op_relation |
http://tsunamisociety.org/243krak.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/8755-6839 8755-6839 https://doaj.org/article/dfb9f9a226cb417aac40bee3aee9bb03 |
_version_ |
1766042318742224896 |