Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness
The Yamal Peninsula in the Russian Federation experienced a massive outbreak of anthrax in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in July–August 2016, with 2,650 (6.46% of the total susceptible population) animals infected, of which 2,350 died (case fatality rate of 88.67%). In our study, we analyzed climatic...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:db365815d4f44f049c45557174500fb2 2023-05-15T15:01:46+02:00 Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness Elena A. Liskova Irina Y. Egorova Yuri O. Selyaninov Irina V. Razheva Nadezhda A. Gladkova Nadezhda N. Toropova Olga I. Zakharova Olga A. Burova Galina V. Surkova Svetlana M. Malkhazova Fedor I. Korennoy Ivan V. Iashin Andrei A. Blokhin 2021-06-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.668420 https://doaj.org/article/db365815d4f44f049c45557174500fb2 EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.668420/full https://doaj.org/toc/2297-1769 2297-1769 doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.668420 https://doaj.org/article/db365815d4f44f049c45557174500fb2 Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol 8 (2021) anthrax arctic climate outbreak reindeer vaccination Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.668420 2022-12-31T07:00:55Z The Yamal Peninsula in the Russian Federation experienced a massive outbreak of anthrax in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in July–August 2016, with 2,650 (6.46% of the total susceptible population) animals infected, of which 2,350 died (case fatality rate of 88.67%). In our study, we analyzed climatic and epidemiological factors that could have triggered the outbreak. The cancelation of reindeer vaccination against anthrax in 2007 resulted in an increase in population susceptibility. In response to the outbreak, total vaccination of all susceptible animals was resumed. To assess the vaccination effectiveness, we tested 913 samples of blood serum taken from vaccinated reindeer using an antigenic erythrocyte diagnostic kit to detect specific anti-anthrax antibodies via an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) 9 months after vaccination. We found that 814 samples had sufficiently high levels of anti-anthrax antibodies to indicate a protection level of 89% (95% confidence interval: 87–91%) of the whole reindeer population. Abnormally high ambient temperature in the summer of 2016 contributed to the thawing of permafrost and viable Bacillus anthracis spores could have become exposed to the surface; the monthly average air temperatures in June, July, and August 2016 were 20–100% higher than those of the previous 30-year period, while the maximum air temperatures were 16–75% higher. Using the projected climate data for 2081–2100 according to the “worst case” RCP8.5 scenario, we demonstrated that the yearly air temperature may average above 0°C across the entire Yamal Peninsula, while the yearly number of days with a mean temperature above 0°C may rise by 49 ± 6 days, which would provide conditions for reactivation of soil anthrax reservoirs. Our results showed that the outbreak of anthrax occurred under conditions of a significant increase in air temperature in the study area, underlined the importance of vaccination for controlling the epidemic process, and demonstrated the effectiveness of monitoring studies using the ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic permafrost Rangifer tarandus Yamal Peninsula Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Yamal Peninsula ENVELOPE(69.873,69.873,70.816,70.816) Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
anthrax arctic climate outbreak reindeer vaccination Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 |
spellingShingle |
anthrax arctic climate outbreak reindeer vaccination Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Elena A. Liskova Irina Y. Egorova Yuri O. Selyaninov Irina V. Razheva Nadezhda A. Gladkova Nadezhda N. Toropova Olga I. Zakharova Olga A. Burova Galina V. Surkova Svetlana M. Malkhazova Fedor I. Korennoy Ivan V. Iashin Andrei A. Blokhin Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness |
topic_facet |
anthrax arctic climate outbreak reindeer vaccination Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 |
description |
The Yamal Peninsula in the Russian Federation experienced a massive outbreak of anthrax in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in July–August 2016, with 2,650 (6.46% of the total susceptible population) animals infected, of which 2,350 died (case fatality rate of 88.67%). In our study, we analyzed climatic and epidemiological factors that could have triggered the outbreak. The cancelation of reindeer vaccination against anthrax in 2007 resulted in an increase in population susceptibility. In response to the outbreak, total vaccination of all susceptible animals was resumed. To assess the vaccination effectiveness, we tested 913 samples of blood serum taken from vaccinated reindeer using an antigenic erythrocyte diagnostic kit to detect specific anti-anthrax antibodies via an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) 9 months after vaccination. We found that 814 samples had sufficiently high levels of anti-anthrax antibodies to indicate a protection level of 89% (95% confidence interval: 87–91%) of the whole reindeer population. Abnormally high ambient temperature in the summer of 2016 contributed to the thawing of permafrost and viable Bacillus anthracis spores could have become exposed to the surface; the monthly average air temperatures in June, July, and August 2016 were 20–100% higher than those of the previous 30-year period, while the maximum air temperatures were 16–75% higher. Using the projected climate data for 2081–2100 according to the “worst case” RCP8.5 scenario, we demonstrated that the yearly air temperature may average above 0°C across the entire Yamal Peninsula, while the yearly number of days with a mean temperature above 0°C may rise by 49 ± 6 days, which would provide conditions for reactivation of soil anthrax reservoirs. Our results showed that the outbreak of anthrax occurred under conditions of a significant increase in air temperature in the study area, underlined the importance of vaccination for controlling the epidemic process, and demonstrated the effectiveness of monitoring studies using the ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Elena A. Liskova Irina Y. Egorova Yuri O. Selyaninov Irina V. Razheva Nadezhda A. Gladkova Nadezhda N. Toropova Olga I. Zakharova Olga A. Burova Galina V. Surkova Svetlana M. Malkhazova Fedor I. Korennoy Ivan V. Iashin Andrei A. Blokhin |
author_facet |
Elena A. Liskova Irina Y. Egorova Yuri O. Selyaninov Irina V. Razheva Nadezhda A. Gladkova Nadezhda N. Toropova Olga I. Zakharova Olga A. Burova Galina V. Surkova Svetlana M. Malkhazova Fedor I. Korennoy Ivan V. Iashin Andrei A. Blokhin |
author_sort |
Elena A. Liskova |
title |
Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness |
title_short |
Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness |
title_full |
Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness |
title_fullStr |
Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness |
title_full_unstemmed |
Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness |
title_sort |
reindeer anthrax in the russian arctic, 2016: climatic determinants of the outbreak and vaccination effectiveness |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.668420 https://doaj.org/article/db365815d4f44f049c45557174500fb2 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(69.873,69.873,70.816,70.816) |
geographic |
Arctic Yamal Peninsula |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Yamal Peninsula |
genre |
Arctic permafrost Rangifer tarandus Yamal Peninsula |
genre_facet |
Arctic permafrost Rangifer tarandus Yamal Peninsula |
op_source |
Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol 8 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.668420/full https://doaj.org/toc/2297-1769 2297-1769 doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.668420 https://doaj.org/article/db365815d4f44f049c45557174500fb2 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.668420 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
container_volume |
8 |
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1766333772607782912 |