Negative Energy Balance Does Not Alter Fat-Free Mass During the Yukon Arctic Ultra—The Longest and the Coldest Ultramarathon
Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine alterations in caloric balance, body composition, metabolites, and cytokines in athletes participating in the Yukon Arctic Ultra.Methods: Ten participants traveling on foot in the 2017 692-km event were recruited for the study. Measurements and s...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:d83c71dbc4a642a698a3c1d46edeed80 2023-05-15T15:00:48+02:00 Negative Energy Balance Does Not Alter Fat-Free Mass During the Yukon Arctic Ultra—The Longest and the Coldest Ultramarathon Adriane Schalt Michelle M. Johannsen Jimin Kim Richard Chen Carl J. Murphy Melynda S. Coker Hanns-Christian Gunga Robert H. Coker Mathias Steinach 2018-12-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01761 https://doaj.org/article/d83c71dbc4a642a698a3c1d46edeed80 EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.01761/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-042X 1664-042X doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01761 https://doaj.org/article/d83c71dbc4a642a698a3c1d46edeed80 Frontiers in Physiology, Vol 9 (2018) body composition cold exposure cytokines extreme environment ultramarathon Physiology QP1-981 article 2018 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01761 2022-12-31T12:20:18Z Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine alterations in caloric balance, body composition, metabolites, and cytokines in athletes participating in the Yukon Arctic Ultra.Methods: Ten participants traveling on foot in the 2017 692-km event were recruited for the study. Measurements and samples were obtained at pre-event, 278 km (C1), 384 km (C2), and post-event. Body composition measurements were obtained using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Accelerometer devices were utilized to provide an estimation of caloric expenditure and dietary recalls provided assessments of caloric intake. Blood serum samples were collected, processed, and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or nuclear magnetic resonance. Results were analyzed using linear mixed model, presented as means ± SD, and considered significant at p < 0.05.Results: Participants (8 males, 2 females; age: 37 ± 10 years; body mass index: 24.4 ± 2.5 kg/m2) were recruited. Four males and one female completed the entire event in 260 ± 19 h. Caloric intake/expenditure was 4,126 ± 1,115 kcal/day and 6,387 ± 781 kcal/day, respectively, indicating a caloric deficit of 2,261 ± 1,543 kcal/day. Total mass, body mass index, and fat mass were reduced at each time point of the event. Fat-free mass (FFM) was unchanged throughout the event. Follistatin was increased at C1 (1,715 ± 876 pg/ml) in comparison to baseline. Acetoacetate increased significantly at post-event (6.1 ± 1.5 mg/ml).Conclusions: Despite a pronounced caloric deficit and sustained activity under extreme cold conditions, FFM was preserved with an increase in serum follistatin and acetoacetate. Future studies should be directed at the role of nutrient strategies and/or training methods on the retention of FFM under these conditions. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Yukon Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Yukon Frontiers in Physiology 9 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
body composition cold exposure cytokines extreme environment ultramarathon Physiology QP1-981 |
spellingShingle |
body composition cold exposure cytokines extreme environment ultramarathon Physiology QP1-981 Adriane Schalt Michelle M. Johannsen Jimin Kim Richard Chen Carl J. Murphy Melynda S. Coker Hanns-Christian Gunga Robert H. Coker Mathias Steinach Negative Energy Balance Does Not Alter Fat-Free Mass During the Yukon Arctic Ultra—The Longest and the Coldest Ultramarathon |
topic_facet |
body composition cold exposure cytokines extreme environment ultramarathon Physiology QP1-981 |
description |
Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine alterations in caloric balance, body composition, metabolites, and cytokines in athletes participating in the Yukon Arctic Ultra.Methods: Ten participants traveling on foot in the 2017 692-km event were recruited for the study. Measurements and samples were obtained at pre-event, 278 km (C1), 384 km (C2), and post-event. Body composition measurements were obtained using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Accelerometer devices were utilized to provide an estimation of caloric expenditure and dietary recalls provided assessments of caloric intake. Blood serum samples were collected, processed, and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or nuclear magnetic resonance. Results were analyzed using linear mixed model, presented as means ± SD, and considered significant at p < 0.05.Results: Participants (8 males, 2 females; age: 37 ± 10 years; body mass index: 24.4 ± 2.5 kg/m2) were recruited. Four males and one female completed the entire event in 260 ± 19 h. Caloric intake/expenditure was 4,126 ± 1,115 kcal/day and 6,387 ± 781 kcal/day, respectively, indicating a caloric deficit of 2,261 ± 1,543 kcal/day. Total mass, body mass index, and fat mass were reduced at each time point of the event. Fat-free mass (FFM) was unchanged throughout the event. Follistatin was increased at C1 (1,715 ± 876 pg/ml) in comparison to baseline. Acetoacetate increased significantly at post-event (6.1 ± 1.5 mg/ml).Conclusions: Despite a pronounced caloric deficit and sustained activity under extreme cold conditions, FFM was preserved with an increase in serum follistatin and acetoacetate. Future studies should be directed at the role of nutrient strategies and/or training methods on the retention of FFM under these conditions. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Adriane Schalt Michelle M. Johannsen Jimin Kim Richard Chen Carl J. Murphy Melynda S. Coker Hanns-Christian Gunga Robert H. Coker Mathias Steinach |
author_facet |
Adriane Schalt Michelle M. Johannsen Jimin Kim Richard Chen Carl J. Murphy Melynda S. Coker Hanns-Christian Gunga Robert H. Coker Mathias Steinach |
author_sort |
Adriane Schalt |
title |
Negative Energy Balance Does Not Alter Fat-Free Mass During the Yukon Arctic Ultra—The Longest and the Coldest Ultramarathon |
title_short |
Negative Energy Balance Does Not Alter Fat-Free Mass During the Yukon Arctic Ultra—The Longest and the Coldest Ultramarathon |
title_full |
Negative Energy Balance Does Not Alter Fat-Free Mass During the Yukon Arctic Ultra—The Longest and the Coldest Ultramarathon |
title_fullStr |
Negative Energy Balance Does Not Alter Fat-Free Mass During the Yukon Arctic Ultra—The Longest and the Coldest Ultramarathon |
title_full_unstemmed |
Negative Energy Balance Does Not Alter Fat-Free Mass During the Yukon Arctic Ultra—The Longest and the Coldest Ultramarathon |
title_sort |
negative energy balance does not alter fat-free mass during the yukon arctic ultra—the longest and the coldest ultramarathon |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01761 https://doaj.org/article/d83c71dbc4a642a698a3c1d46edeed80 |
geographic |
Arctic Yukon |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Yukon |
genre |
Arctic Yukon |
genre_facet |
Arctic Yukon |
op_source |
Frontiers in Physiology, Vol 9 (2018) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.01761/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-042X 1664-042X doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01761 https://doaj.org/article/d83c71dbc4a642a698a3c1d46edeed80 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01761 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Physiology |
container_volume |
9 |
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1766332868365123584 |