The avoidance of living in the vicinity of a top predator: the coexistence of the black stork and the white-tailed eagle in NE Poland
The black stork Ciconia nigra is a rare species of bird that inhabits old forests near wetlands. The early 21st century has brought a regress of its population in north-eastern Poland. We verified the assumption that an important reason for the observed changes was the colonization of the study area...
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Taylor & Francis Group
2022
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:d71328ef2eb94eb483fcfa4a401fad51 2023-05-15T16:32:42+02:00 The avoidance of living in the vicinity of a top predator: the coexistence of the black stork and the white-tailed eagle in NE Poland G. Zawadzki J. Zawadzki S. Drozdowski D. Zawadzka 2022-12-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1080/24750263.2022.2134478 https://doaj.org/article/d71328ef2eb94eb483fcfa4a401fad51 EN eng Taylor & Francis Group https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/24750263.2022.2134478 https://doaj.org/toc/2475-0263 doi:10.1080/24750263.2022.2134478 2475-0263 https://doaj.org/article/d71328ef2eb94eb483fcfa4a401fad51 The European Zoological Journal, Vol 89, Iss 1, Pp 1223-1237 (2022) Ciconia nigra coexistence Haliaeetus albicilla habitat conditions landscape of fear top predator Zoology QL1-991 article 2022 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1080/24750263.2022.2134478 2022-12-30T20:24:29Z The black stork Ciconia nigra is a rare species of bird that inhabits old forests near wetlands. The early 21st century has brought a regress of its population in north-eastern Poland. We verified the assumption that an important reason for the observed changes was the colonization of the study area by white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, because we observed a correlation between decreasing numbers of the black stork and increasing numbers of the eagle. Based on the long-term monitoring, we analyzed changes in the numbers and distribution of the black storks’ nests and compared the colonization of the study area by the white-tailed eagle in the most extensive forest complex in Poland. We found 42 occupied territories of storks and no eagles in 1989 within the study area. In 2019, there were just 23 stork pairs, but the population of eagles increased to 13. We found a correlation between the rate of decline of the black storks population and the increase in the white-tailed eagles. In the first half of study period, storks’ nests have been distributed randomly, after which they became clustered. The pattern of nests distribution was influenced by the increase in the population of the eagle over time, with this ensuring the aggregation of the nests of storks in places more distant from the nests of eagles. Similarly, the nearest neighbor distance of storks’ nests was dependent on distances from the nests of eagles and the shares of territory accounted for by forests. We surmise that changes in the population size of storks were induced mainly by the growth of population of eagles. Storks avoided occupying nests less than 4.6 km from the eagles’ nests. Our study suggests that the determining role can be played by fear of the predator. Overall, it must be concluded that the protection of top predators can affect other co-occurring species in unexpected ways. Article in Journal/Newspaper Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed eagle Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles The European Zoological Journal 89 1 1223 1237 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Ciconia nigra coexistence Haliaeetus albicilla habitat conditions landscape of fear top predator Zoology QL1-991 |
spellingShingle |
Ciconia nigra coexistence Haliaeetus albicilla habitat conditions landscape of fear top predator Zoology QL1-991 G. Zawadzki J. Zawadzki S. Drozdowski D. Zawadzka The avoidance of living in the vicinity of a top predator: the coexistence of the black stork and the white-tailed eagle in NE Poland |
topic_facet |
Ciconia nigra coexistence Haliaeetus albicilla habitat conditions landscape of fear top predator Zoology QL1-991 |
description |
The black stork Ciconia nigra is a rare species of bird that inhabits old forests near wetlands. The early 21st century has brought a regress of its population in north-eastern Poland. We verified the assumption that an important reason for the observed changes was the colonization of the study area by white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, because we observed a correlation between decreasing numbers of the black stork and increasing numbers of the eagle. Based on the long-term monitoring, we analyzed changes in the numbers and distribution of the black storks’ nests and compared the colonization of the study area by the white-tailed eagle in the most extensive forest complex in Poland. We found 42 occupied territories of storks and no eagles in 1989 within the study area. In 2019, there were just 23 stork pairs, but the population of eagles increased to 13. We found a correlation between the rate of decline of the black storks population and the increase in the white-tailed eagles. In the first half of study period, storks’ nests have been distributed randomly, after which they became clustered. The pattern of nests distribution was influenced by the increase in the population of the eagle over time, with this ensuring the aggregation of the nests of storks in places more distant from the nests of eagles. Similarly, the nearest neighbor distance of storks’ nests was dependent on distances from the nests of eagles and the shares of territory accounted for by forests. We surmise that changes in the population size of storks were induced mainly by the growth of population of eagles. Storks avoided occupying nests less than 4.6 km from the eagles’ nests. Our study suggests that the determining role can be played by fear of the predator. Overall, it must be concluded that the protection of top predators can affect other co-occurring species in unexpected ways. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
G. Zawadzki J. Zawadzki S. Drozdowski D. Zawadzka |
author_facet |
G. Zawadzki J. Zawadzki S. Drozdowski D. Zawadzka |
author_sort |
G. Zawadzki |
title |
The avoidance of living in the vicinity of a top predator: the coexistence of the black stork and the white-tailed eagle in NE Poland |
title_short |
The avoidance of living in the vicinity of a top predator: the coexistence of the black stork and the white-tailed eagle in NE Poland |
title_full |
The avoidance of living in the vicinity of a top predator: the coexistence of the black stork and the white-tailed eagle in NE Poland |
title_fullStr |
The avoidance of living in the vicinity of a top predator: the coexistence of the black stork and the white-tailed eagle in NE Poland |
title_full_unstemmed |
The avoidance of living in the vicinity of a top predator: the coexistence of the black stork and the white-tailed eagle in NE Poland |
title_sort |
avoidance of living in the vicinity of a top predator: the coexistence of the black stork and the white-tailed eagle in ne poland |
publisher |
Taylor & Francis Group |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1080/24750263.2022.2134478 https://doaj.org/article/d71328ef2eb94eb483fcfa4a401fad51 |
genre |
Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed eagle |
genre_facet |
Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed eagle |
op_source |
The European Zoological Journal, Vol 89, Iss 1, Pp 1223-1237 (2022) |
op_relation |
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/24750263.2022.2134478 https://doaj.org/toc/2475-0263 doi:10.1080/24750263.2022.2134478 2475-0263 https://doaj.org/article/d71328ef2eb94eb483fcfa4a401fad51 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1080/24750263.2022.2134478 |
container_title |
The European Zoological Journal |
container_volume |
89 |
container_issue |
1 |
container_start_page |
1223 |
op_container_end_page |
1237 |
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1766022461451665408 |