Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface
We present a simple model to calculate the evolution of an ice stupa (artificial ice reservoir). The model is formulated for a cone geometry and driven by energy balance measurements over a glacier surface for a 5-year period. An “exposure factor” is introduced to deal with the fact that an ice stup...
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Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2021
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 https://doaj.org/article/d5e9f38500b04c86bf146a5d0d7e8827 |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:d5e9f38500b04c86bf146a5d0d7e8827 2023-05-15T18:32:26+02:00 Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface J. Oerlemans S. Balasubramanian C. Clavuot F. Keller 2021-06-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 https://doaj.org/article/d5e9f38500b04c86bf146a5d0d7e8827 EN eng Copernicus Publications https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/3007/2021/tc-15-3007-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/d5e9f38500b04c86bf146a5d0d7e8827 The Cryosphere, Vol 15, Pp 3007-3012 (2021) Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 2022-12-31T13:17:54Z We present a simple model to calculate the evolution of an ice stupa (artificial ice reservoir). The model is formulated for a cone geometry and driven by energy balance measurements over a glacier surface for a 5-year period. An “exposure factor” is introduced to deal with the fact that an ice stupa has a very rough surface and is more exposed to wind than a flat glacier surface. The exposure factor enhances the turbulent fluxes. For characteristic alpine conditions at 2100 m, an ice stupa may reach a volume of 200 to 400 m 3 in early April. We show sensitivities of ice stupa size to temperature changes and exposure factor. The model may also serve as an educational tool, with which the effects of snow cover, switching off water during daytime, different starting dates, switching off water during high wind speeds, etc. can easily be evaluated. Article in Journal/Newspaper The Cryosphere Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Stupa ENVELOPE(22.166,22.166,70.636,70.636) The Cryosphere 15 6 3007 3012 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
spellingShingle |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 J. Oerlemans S. Balasubramanian C. Clavuot F. Keller Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
topic_facet |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
description |
We present a simple model to calculate the evolution of an ice stupa (artificial ice reservoir). The model is formulated for a cone geometry and driven by energy balance measurements over a glacier surface for a 5-year period. An “exposure factor” is introduced to deal with the fact that an ice stupa has a very rough surface and is more exposed to wind than a flat glacier surface. The exposure factor enhances the turbulent fluxes. For characteristic alpine conditions at 2100 m, an ice stupa may reach a volume of 200 to 400 m 3 in early April. We show sensitivities of ice stupa size to temperature changes and exposure factor. The model may also serve as an educational tool, with which the effects of snow cover, switching off water during daytime, different starting dates, switching off water during high wind speeds, etc. can easily be evaluated. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
J. Oerlemans S. Balasubramanian C. Clavuot F. Keller |
author_facet |
J. Oerlemans S. Balasubramanian C. Clavuot F. Keller |
author_sort |
J. Oerlemans |
title |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
title_short |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
title_full |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
title_fullStr |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
title_full_unstemmed |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
title_sort |
brief communication: growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 https://doaj.org/article/d5e9f38500b04c86bf146a5d0d7e8827 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(22.166,22.166,70.636,70.636) |
geographic |
Stupa |
geographic_facet |
Stupa |
genre |
The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
The Cryosphere |
op_source |
The Cryosphere, Vol 15, Pp 3007-3012 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/3007/2021/tc-15-3007-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/d5e9f38500b04c86bf146a5d0d7e8827 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
15 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
3007 |
op_container_end_page |
3012 |
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1766216542225170432 |