Dynamics of Freezing/Thawing Indices and Frozen Ground from 1961 to 2010 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Freezing/thawing indices are important indicators of the dynamics of frozen ground on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), especially in areas with limited observations. Based on the numerical outputs of Community Land Surface Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) from 1961 to 2010, this study compared the spatial...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:d3cd6a8ff7c4402996415e251290f68d 2023-08-20T04:09:11+02:00 Dynamics of Freezing/Thawing Indices and Frozen Ground from 1961 to 2010 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Xuewei Fang Anqi Wang Shihua Lyu Klaus Fraedrich 2023-07-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143478 https://doaj.org/article/d3cd6a8ff7c4402996415e251290f68d EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/14/3478 https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292 doi:10.3390/rs15143478 2072-4292 https://doaj.org/article/d3cd6a8ff7c4402996415e251290f68d Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 3478, p 3478 (2023) freezing/thawing indices permafrost dynamics Community Land Surface Model Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Science Q article 2023 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143478 2023-07-30T00:34:47Z Freezing/thawing indices are important indicators of the dynamics of frozen ground on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), especially in areas with limited observations. Based on the numerical outputs of Community Land Surface Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) from 1961 to 2010, this study compared the spatial and temporal variations between air freezing/thawing indices (2 m above the ground) and ground surface freezing/thawing indices in permafrost and seasonally frozen ground (SFG) across the QTP after presenting changes in frozen ground distribution in each decade in the context of warming and wetting. The results indicate that an area of 0.60 × 10 6 km 2 of permafrost in the QTP degraded to SFG in the 1960s–2000s, and the primary shrinkage period occurred in the 2000s. The air freezing index (AFI) and ground freezing index (GFI) decreased dramatically at rates of 71.00 °C·d/decade and 34.33 °C·d/decade from 1961 to 2010, respectively. In contrast, the air thawing index (ATI) and ground thawing index (GTI) increased strikingly, with values of 48.13 °C·d/decade and 40.37 °C·d/decade in the past five decades, respectively. Permafrost showed more pronounced changes in freezing/thawing indices since the 1990s compared to SFG. The changes in thermal regimes in frozen ground showed close relations to air warming until the late 1990s, especially in 1998, when the QTP underwent the most progressive warming. However, a sharp increase in the annual precipitation from 1998 began to play a more controlling role in thermal degradation in frozen ground than the air warming in the 2000s. Meanwhile, the following vegetation expansion hiatus further promotes the thermal instability of frozen ground in this highly wet period. Article in Journal/Newspaper permafrost Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Remote Sensing 15 14 3478 |
institution |
Open Polar |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
freezing/thawing indices permafrost dynamics Community Land Surface Model Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Science Q |
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freezing/thawing indices permafrost dynamics Community Land Surface Model Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Science Q Xuewei Fang Anqi Wang Shihua Lyu Klaus Fraedrich Dynamics of Freezing/Thawing Indices and Frozen Ground from 1961 to 2010 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau |
topic_facet |
freezing/thawing indices permafrost dynamics Community Land Surface Model Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Science Q |
description |
Freezing/thawing indices are important indicators of the dynamics of frozen ground on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), especially in areas with limited observations. Based on the numerical outputs of Community Land Surface Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) from 1961 to 2010, this study compared the spatial and temporal variations between air freezing/thawing indices (2 m above the ground) and ground surface freezing/thawing indices in permafrost and seasonally frozen ground (SFG) across the QTP after presenting changes in frozen ground distribution in each decade in the context of warming and wetting. The results indicate that an area of 0.60 × 10 6 km 2 of permafrost in the QTP degraded to SFG in the 1960s–2000s, and the primary shrinkage period occurred in the 2000s. The air freezing index (AFI) and ground freezing index (GFI) decreased dramatically at rates of 71.00 °C·d/decade and 34.33 °C·d/decade from 1961 to 2010, respectively. In contrast, the air thawing index (ATI) and ground thawing index (GTI) increased strikingly, with values of 48.13 °C·d/decade and 40.37 °C·d/decade in the past five decades, respectively. Permafrost showed more pronounced changes in freezing/thawing indices since the 1990s compared to SFG. The changes in thermal regimes in frozen ground showed close relations to air warming until the late 1990s, especially in 1998, when the QTP underwent the most progressive warming. However, a sharp increase in the annual precipitation from 1998 began to play a more controlling role in thermal degradation in frozen ground than the air warming in the 2000s. Meanwhile, the following vegetation expansion hiatus further promotes the thermal instability of frozen ground in this highly wet period. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Xuewei Fang Anqi Wang Shihua Lyu Klaus Fraedrich |
author_facet |
Xuewei Fang Anqi Wang Shihua Lyu Klaus Fraedrich |
author_sort |
Xuewei Fang |
title |
Dynamics of Freezing/Thawing Indices and Frozen Ground from 1961 to 2010 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau |
title_short |
Dynamics of Freezing/Thawing Indices and Frozen Ground from 1961 to 2010 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau |
title_full |
Dynamics of Freezing/Thawing Indices and Frozen Ground from 1961 to 2010 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau |
title_fullStr |
Dynamics of Freezing/Thawing Indices and Frozen Ground from 1961 to 2010 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau |
title_full_unstemmed |
Dynamics of Freezing/Thawing Indices and Frozen Ground from 1961 to 2010 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau |
title_sort |
dynamics of freezing/thawing indices and frozen ground from 1961 to 2010 on the qinghai-tibet plateau |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143478 https://doaj.org/article/d3cd6a8ff7c4402996415e251290f68d |
genre |
permafrost |
genre_facet |
permafrost |
op_source |
Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 3478, p 3478 (2023) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/14/3478 https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292 doi:10.3390/rs15143478 2072-4292 https://doaj.org/article/d3cd6a8ff7c4402996415e251290f68d |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143478 |
container_title |
Remote Sensing |
container_volume |
15 |
container_issue |
14 |
container_start_page |
3478 |
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1774721984426409984 |