Response of polar mesosphere summer echoes to geomagnetic disturbances in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres: the importance of nitric oxide
The relationship between polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) and geomagnetic disturbances (represented by magnetic K indices) is examined. Calibrated PMSE reflectivities for the period May 2006–February 2012 are used from two 52.0/54.5 MHz radars located in Arctic Sweden (68° N, geomagnetic latitu...
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Language: | English |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:d30909ac2af54139a01f54651e8ed28d 2023-05-15T13:56:49+02:00 Response of polar mesosphere summer echoes to geomagnetic disturbances in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres: the importance of nitric oxide S. Kirkwood E. Belova P. Dalin M. Mihalikova D. Mikhaylova D. Murtagh H. Nilsson K. Satheesan J. Urban I. Wolf 2013-02-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-333-2013 https://doaj.org/article/d30909ac2af54139a01f54651e8ed28d EN eng Copernicus Publications https://www.ann-geophys.net/31/333/2013/angeo-31-333-2013.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/0992-7689 https://doaj.org/toc/1432-0576 doi:10.5194/angeo-31-333-2013 0992-7689 1432-0576 https://doaj.org/article/d30909ac2af54139a01f54651e8ed28d Annales Geophysicae, Vol 31, Pp 333-347 (2013) Science Q Physics QC1-999 Geophysics. Cosmic physics QC801-809 article 2013 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-333-2013 2022-12-31T03:56:27Z The relationship between polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) and geomagnetic disturbances (represented by magnetic K indices) is examined. Calibrated PMSE reflectivities for the period May 2006–February 2012 are used from two 52.0/54.5 MHz radars located in Arctic Sweden (68° N, geomagnetic latitude 65°) and at two different sites in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica (73°/72° S, geomagnetic latitudes 62°/63°). In both the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and the Southern Hemisphere (SH) there is a strong increase in mean PMSE reflectivity between quiet and disturbed geomagnetic conditions. Mean volume reflectivities are slightly lower at the SH locations compared to the NH, but the position of the peak in the lognormal distribution of PMSE reflectivities is close to the same at both NH and SH locations, and varies only slightly with magnetic disturbance level. Differences between the sites, and between geomagnetic disturbance levels, are primarily due to differences in the high-reflectivity tail of the distribution. PMSE occurrence rates are essentially the same at both NH and SH locations during most of the PMSE season when a sufficiently low detection threshold is used so that the peak in the lognormal distribution is included. When the local-time dependence of the PMSE response to geomagnetic disturbance level is considered, the response in the NH is found to be immediate at most local times, but delayed by several hours in the afternoon sector and absent in the early evening. At the SH sites, at lower magnetic latitude, there is a delayed response (by several hours) at almost all local times. At the NH (auroral zone) site, the dependence on magnetic disturbance is highest during evening-to-morning hours. At the SH (sub-auroral) sites the response to magnetic disturbance is weaker but persists throughout the day. While the immediate response to magnetic activity can be qualitatively explained by changes in electron density resulting from energetic particle precipitation, the delayed response can largely be explained by ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctica Arctic Queen Maud Land Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Queen Maud Land ENVELOPE(12.000,12.000,-72.500,-72.500) Annales Geophysicae 31 2 333 347 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Science Q Physics QC1-999 Geophysics. Cosmic physics QC801-809 |
spellingShingle |
Science Q Physics QC1-999 Geophysics. Cosmic physics QC801-809 S. Kirkwood E. Belova P. Dalin M. Mihalikova D. Mikhaylova D. Murtagh H. Nilsson K. Satheesan J. Urban I. Wolf Response of polar mesosphere summer echoes to geomagnetic disturbances in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres: the importance of nitric oxide |
topic_facet |
Science Q Physics QC1-999 Geophysics. Cosmic physics QC801-809 |
description |
The relationship between polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) and geomagnetic disturbances (represented by magnetic K indices) is examined. Calibrated PMSE reflectivities for the period May 2006–February 2012 are used from two 52.0/54.5 MHz radars located in Arctic Sweden (68° N, geomagnetic latitude 65°) and at two different sites in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica (73°/72° S, geomagnetic latitudes 62°/63°). In both the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and the Southern Hemisphere (SH) there is a strong increase in mean PMSE reflectivity between quiet and disturbed geomagnetic conditions. Mean volume reflectivities are slightly lower at the SH locations compared to the NH, but the position of the peak in the lognormal distribution of PMSE reflectivities is close to the same at both NH and SH locations, and varies only slightly with magnetic disturbance level. Differences between the sites, and between geomagnetic disturbance levels, are primarily due to differences in the high-reflectivity tail of the distribution. PMSE occurrence rates are essentially the same at both NH and SH locations during most of the PMSE season when a sufficiently low detection threshold is used so that the peak in the lognormal distribution is included. When the local-time dependence of the PMSE response to geomagnetic disturbance level is considered, the response in the NH is found to be immediate at most local times, but delayed by several hours in the afternoon sector and absent in the early evening. At the SH sites, at lower magnetic latitude, there is a delayed response (by several hours) at almost all local times. At the NH (auroral zone) site, the dependence on magnetic disturbance is highest during evening-to-morning hours. At the SH (sub-auroral) sites the response to magnetic disturbance is weaker but persists throughout the day. While the immediate response to magnetic activity can be qualitatively explained by changes in electron density resulting from energetic particle precipitation, the delayed response can largely be explained by ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
S. Kirkwood E. Belova P. Dalin M. Mihalikova D. Mikhaylova D. Murtagh H. Nilsson K. Satheesan J. Urban I. Wolf |
author_facet |
S. Kirkwood E. Belova P. Dalin M. Mihalikova D. Mikhaylova D. Murtagh H. Nilsson K. Satheesan J. Urban I. Wolf |
author_sort |
S. Kirkwood |
title |
Response of polar mesosphere summer echoes to geomagnetic disturbances in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres: the importance of nitric oxide |
title_short |
Response of polar mesosphere summer echoes to geomagnetic disturbances in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres: the importance of nitric oxide |
title_full |
Response of polar mesosphere summer echoes to geomagnetic disturbances in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres: the importance of nitric oxide |
title_fullStr |
Response of polar mesosphere summer echoes to geomagnetic disturbances in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres: the importance of nitric oxide |
title_full_unstemmed |
Response of polar mesosphere summer echoes to geomagnetic disturbances in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres: the importance of nitric oxide |
title_sort |
response of polar mesosphere summer echoes to geomagnetic disturbances in the southern and northern hemispheres: the importance of nitric oxide |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-333-2013 https://doaj.org/article/d30909ac2af54139a01f54651e8ed28d |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(12.000,12.000,-72.500,-72.500) |
geographic |
Arctic Queen Maud Land |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Queen Maud Land |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctica Arctic Queen Maud Land |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctica Arctic Queen Maud Land |
op_source |
Annales Geophysicae, Vol 31, Pp 333-347 (2013) |
op_relation |
https://www.ann-geophys.net/31/333/2013/angeo-31-333-2013.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/0992-7689 https://doaj.org/toc/1432-0576 doi:10.5194/angeo-31-333-2013 0992-7689 1432-0576 https://doaj.org/article/d30909ac2af54139a01f54651e8ed28d |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-333-2013 |
container_title |
Annales Geophysicae |
container_volume |
31 |
container_issue |
2 |
container_start_page |
333 |
op_container_end_page |
347 |
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1766264399174041600 |