Terminologies and characteristics of natural mineral and thermal waters in selected European countries
This study discusses 1) the national legislative frameworks, terminologies, and criteria for the recognition of natural mineral waters and thermal waters in selected European countries (Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, France, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, S...
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Geological Survey of Slovenia
2022
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:d1d3a4e1569140a78d0850425e01f5a1 2023-05-15T16:52:20+02:00 Terminologies and characteristics of natural mineral and thermal waters in selected European countries Daniel Elster Teodóra Szőcs Nóra Gál Birgitte Hansen Denitza D. Voutchkova Jörg Schullehner Julie Lions Lucio Martarelli Elena Giménez-Forcada José Ángel Díaz-Muñoz Eline Malcuit Gerhard Schubert Gerhard Hobiger Nina Rman 2022-07-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2022.002 https://doaj.org/article/d1d3a4e1569140a78d0850425e01f5a1 EN SL eng slv Geological Survey of Slovenia https://www.geologija-revija.si/index.php/geologija/article/view/1832 https://doaj.org/toc/0016-7789 https://doaj.org/toc/1854-620X doi:10.5474/geologija.2022.002 0016-7789 1854-620X https://doaj.org/article/d1d3a4e1569140a78d0850425e01f5a1 Geologija, Vol 65, Iss 1, Pp 21-46 (2022) hydrogeology regulatory framework hydrogeochemical composition natural mineral water thermal water europe Geology QE1-996.5 article 2022 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2022.002 2023-01-29T01:30:40Z This study discusses 1) the national legislative frameworks, terminologies, and criteria for the recognition of natural mineral waters and thermal waters in selected European countries (Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, France, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Spain), and 2) it provides a first extensive multi-national overview of hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characteristics of numerous water sources from those regions. Natural mineral waters are well defined and regulated in the European Union by the Directives 2009/54/EC and 2003/40/EC that are implemented by national law regulations. In contrast, no legal definition exists for thermal waters on an EU level and national definitions commonly differ or are not present. Defining thermal waters by water temperatures of at least 20 °C at the outlet is commonly found (6 out of 15 countries), but other definitions like considering the difference to the average air temperature are also present. Furthermore, no definitions on a national level are quite frequent (5 out of 15 countries), those countries preferentially refer to expert recognitions. We considered 678 natural mineral waters and 2,390 thermal waters in this study and collected information on practical use, hydrogeological settings and hydrogeochemical conditions. The comparison of the datasets shows commonalities like a predominance porous aquifers, especially sandy aquifers, and sedimentary carbonate rock aquifers (limestone, dolomite, chalk). Furthermore, natural mineral waters commonly show TDS contents of less than 1 g/l and alkaline-earth-HCO3 water types. Surprisingly, 21 % of the considered sources bear water temperatures above 20 °C and could be considered as thermal waters as well. Thermal waters – the majority (above 30 °C) is found in Hungary - usually show water temperatures between 20 and 70 °C and TDS contents between 1 and 14.5 g/l. The hydrogeochemical properties show a larger variation in contrast to natural mineral waters, ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Iceland Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Geologija 65 1 21 46 |
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Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English Slovenian |
topic |
hydrogeology regulatory framework hydrogeochemical composition natural mineral water thermal water europe Geology QE1-996.5 |
spellingShingle |
hydrogeology regulatory framework hydrogeochemical composition natural mineral water thermal water europe Geology QE1-996.5 Daniel Elster Teodóra Szőcs Nóra Gál Birgitte Hansen Denitza D. Voutchkova Jörg Schullehner Julie Lions Lucio Martarelli Elena Giménez-Forcada José Ángel Díaz-Muñoz Eline Malcuit Gerhard Schubert Gerhard Hobiger Nina Rman Terminologies and characteristics of natural mineral and thermal waters in selected European countries |
topic_facet |
hydrogeology regulatory framework hydrogeochemical composition natural mineral water thermal water europe Geology QE1-996.5 |
description |
This study discusses 1) the national legislative frameworks, terminologies, and criteria for the recognition of natural mineral waters and thermal waters in selected European countries (Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, France, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Spain), and 2) it provides a first extensive multi-national overview of hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characteristics of numerous water sources from those regions. Natural mineral waters are well defined and regulated in the European Union by the Directives 2009/54/EC and 2003/40/EC that are implemented by national law regulations. In contrast, no legal definition exists for thermal waters on an EU level and national definitions commonly differ or are not present. Defining thermal waters by water temperatures of at least 20 °C at the outlet is commonly found (6 out of 15 countries), but other definitions like considering the difference to the average air temperature are also present. Furthermore, no definitions on a national level are quite frequent (5 out of 15 countries), those countries preferentially refer to expert recognitions. We considered 678 natural mineral waters and 2,390 thermal waters in this study and collected information on practical use, hydrogeological settings and hydrogeochemical conditions. The comparison of the datasets shows commonalities like a predominance porous aquifers, especially sandy aquifers, and sedimentary carbonate rock aquifers (limestone, dolomite, chalk). Furthermore, natural mineral waters commonly show TDS contents of less than 1 g/l and alkaline-earth-HCO3 water types. Surprisingly, 21 % of the considered sources bear water temperatures above 20 °C and could be considered as thermal waters as well. Thermal waters – the majority (above 30 °C) is found in Hungary - usually show water temperatures between 20 and 70 °C and TDS contents between 1 and 14.5 g/l. The hydrogeochemical properties show a larger variation in contrast to natural mineral waters, ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Daniel Elster Teodóra Szőcs Nóra Gál Birgitte Hansen Denitza D. Voutchkova Jörg Schullehner Julie Lions Lucio Martarelli Elena Giménez-Forcada José Ángel Díaz-Muñoz Eline Malcuit Gerhard Schubert Gerhard Hobiger Nina Rman |
author_facet |
Daniel Elster Teodóra Szőcs Nóra Gál Birgitte Hansen Denitza D. Voutchkova Jörg Schullehner Julie Lions Lucio Martarelli Elena Giménez-Forcada José Ángel Díaz-Muñoz Eline Malcuit Gerhard Schubert Gerhard Hobiger Nina Rman |
author_sort |
Daniel Elster |
title |
Terminologies and characteristics of natural mineral and thermal waters in selected European countries |
title_short |
Terminologies and characteristics of natural mineral and thermal waters in selected European countries |
title_full |
Terminologies and characteristics of natural mineral and thermal waters in selected European countries |
title_fullStr |
Terminologies and characteristics of natural mineral and thermal waters in selected European countries |
title_full_unstemmed |
Terminologies and characteristics of natural mineral and thermal waters in selected European countries |
title_sort |
terminologies and characteristics of natural mineral and thermal waters in selected european countries |
publisher |
Geological Survey of Slovenia |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2022.002 https://doaj.org/article/d1d3a4e1569140a78d0850425e01f5a1 |
genre |
Iceland |
genre_facet |
Iceland |
op_source |
Geologija, Vol 65, Iss 1, Pp 21-46 (2022) |
op_relation |
https://www.geologija-revija.si/index.php/geologija/article/view/1832 https://doaj.org/toc/0016-7789 https://doaj.org/toc/1854-620X doi:10.5474/geologija.2022.002 0016-7789 1854-620X https://doaj.org/article/d1d3a4e1569140a78d0850425e01f5a1 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2022.002 |
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Geologija |
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65 |
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1 |
container_start_page |
21 |
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46 |
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1766042465839611904 |