Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO 2 concentration: a modelling approach

• Published in: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
• Main Authors: F. Gabrovšek, W. Dreybrodt
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Copernicus Publications 2021
• Subjects: Technology; T; Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering; TD1-1066; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation; G; Environmental sciences; GE1-350; Hess; Carbonic acid
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2895-2021; https://doaj.org/article/c6ebbc2311404c35832e5514760e9f78

Here we present results of digital modelling of a specific setting of hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis (CAS). We study an unconfined aquifer where meteoric water seeps through the vadose zone and becomes saturated with respect to calcite when it arrives at the water table. From below, deep-seated water with high <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow class="chem"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24pt" height="12pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="f970a075afd747993d97d753129f4038"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="hess-25-2895-2021-ie00001.svg" width="24pt" height="12pt" src="hess-25-2895-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg> and saturated with respect to calcite invades the limestone formation by forced flow. Two flow domains arise that host exclusively water from the meteoric or deep-seated source. They are separated by a water divide. There by dispersion of flow, a fringe of mixing arises and widening of the fractures is caused by mixing corrosion (MC). The evolution of the cave system is determined by its early state. At sites with high rates of fracture widening, regions of higher hydraulic conductivity are created. They attract flow and support one-by-one mixing with maximal dissolution rates. Therefore, the early evolution is determined by karstification originating close to the input of the upwelling water and at the output at a seepage face. In between these regions, a wide fringe of moderate dissolution is present. In the later stage of evolution, this region is divided by constrictions that originate from statistical variations of fracture aperture widths that favour high dissolution rates and focus flow into this region. This ...