Monitoring gas hydrate formation with magnetic resonance imaging in a metallic core holder
Methane hydrate deposits world-wide are promising sources of natural gas. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has proven useful in previous studies of hydrate formation. In the present work, methane hydrate formation in a water saturated sand pack was investigated employing an MRI-compatible metallic c...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:c5d1ef9c7b16449e99745f39d93ae75c 2023-05-15T17:11:57+02:00 Monitoring gas hydrate formation with magnetic resonance imaging in a metallic core holder Shakerian Mojtaba Afrough Armin Vashaee Sarah Marica Florin Zhao Yuechao Zhao Jiafei Song Yongchen Balcom Bruce J. 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198902008 https://doaj.org/article/c5d1ef9c7b16449e99745f39d93ae75c EN FR eng fre EDP Sciences https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2019/15/e3sconf_sca2018_02008.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/2267-1242 2267-1242 doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20198902008 https://doaj.org/article/c5d1ef9c7b16449e99745f39d93ae75c E3S Web of Conferences, Vol 89, p 02008 (2019) Environmental sciences GE1-350 article 2019 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198902008 2022-12-31T05:23:54Z Methane hydrate deposits world-wide are promising sources of natural gas. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has proven useful in previous studies of hydrate formation. In the present work, methane hydrate formation in a water saturated sand pack was investigated employing an MRI-compatible metallic core holder at low magnetic field with a suite of advanced MRI methods developed at the UNB MRI Centre. The new MRI methods are intended to permit observation and quantification of residual fluids in the pore space as hydrate forms. Hydrate formation occurred in the water-saturated sand at 1500 psi and 4 °C. The core holder has a maximum working pressure of 4000 psi between -28 and 80 °C. The heat-exchange jacket enclosing the core holder enabled very precise control of the sample temperature. A pure phase encode MRI technique, SPRITE, and a bulk T1-T2 MR method provided high quality measurements of pore fluid saturation. Rapid 1D SPRITE MRI measurements time resolved the disappearance of pore water and hence the growth of hydrate in the sand pack. 3D π-EPI images confirmed that the residual water was inhomogeneously distributed along the sand pack. Bulk T1-T2 measurements discriminated residual water from the pore gas during the hydrate formation. A recently published local T1-T2 method helped discriminate bulk gas from the residual fluids in the sample. Hydrate formation commenced within two hours of gas supply. Hydrate formed throughout the sand pack, but maximum hydrate was observed at the interface between the gas pressure head and the sand pack. This irregular pattern of hydrate formation became more uniform over 24 hours. The rate of hydrate formation was greatest in the first two hours of reaction. An SE-SPI T2 map showed the T2 distribution changed considerably in space and time as hydrate formation continued. Changes in the T2 distribution are interpreted as pore level changes in residual water content and environment. Article in Journal/Newspaper Methane hydrate Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Psi ENVELOPE(-63.000,-63.000,-64.300,-64.300) E3S Web of Conferences 89 02008 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English French |
topic |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 |
spellingShingle |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Shakerian Mojtaba Afrough Armin Vashaee Sarah Marica Florin Zhao Yuechao Zhao Jiafei Song Yongchen Balcom Bruce J. Monitoring gas hydrate formation with magnetic resonance imaging in a metallic core holder |
topic_facet |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 |
description |
Methane hydrate deposits world-wide are promising sources of natural gas. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has proven useful in previous studies of hydrate formation. In the present work, methane hydrate formation in a water saturated sand pack was investigated employing an MRI-compatible metallic core holder at low magnetic field with a suite of advanced MRI methods developed at the UNB MRI Centre. The new MRI methods are intended to permit observation and quantification of residual fluids in the pore space as hydrate forms. Hydrate formation occurred in the water-saturated sand at 1500 psi and 4 °C. The core holder has a maximum working pressure of 4000 psi between -28 and 80 °C. The heat-exchange jacket enclosing the core holder enabled very precise control of the sample temperature. A pure phase encode MRI technique, SPRITE, and a bulk T1-T2 MR method provided high quality measurements of pore fluid saturation. Rapid 1D SPRITE MRI measurements time resolved the disappearance of pore water and hence the growth of hydrate in the sand pack. 3D π-EPI images confirmed that the residual water was inhomogeneously distributed along the sand pack. Bulk T1-T2 measurements discriminated residual water from the pore gas during the hydrate formation. A recently published local T1-T2 method helped discriminate bulk gas from the residual fluids in the sample. Hydrate formation commenced within two hours of gas supply. Hydrate formed throughout the sand pack, but maximum hydrate was observed at the interface between the gas pressure head and the sand pack. This irregular pattern of hydrate formation became more uniform over 24 hours. The rate of hydrate formation was greatest in the first two hours of reaction. An SE-SPI T2 map showed the T2 distribution changed considerably in space and time as hydrate formation continued. Changes in the T2 distribution are interpreted as pore level changes in residual water content and environment. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Shakerian Mojtaba Afrough Armin Vashaee Sarah Marica Florin Zhao Yuechao Zhao Jiafei Song Yongchen Balcom Bruce J. |
author_facet |
Shakerian Mojtaba Afrough Armin Vashaee Sarah Marica Florin Zhao Yuechao Zhao Jiafei Song Yongchen Balcom Bruce J. |
author_sort |
Shakerian Mojtaba |
title |
Monitoring gas hydrate formation with magnetic resonance imaging in a metallic core holder |
title_short |
Monitoring gas hydrate formation with magnetic resonance imaging in a metallic core holder |
title_full |
Monitoring gas hydrate formation with magnetic resonance imaging in a metallic core holder |
title_fullStr |
Monitoring gas hydrate formation with magnetic resonance imaging in a metallic core holder |
title_full_unstemmed |
Monitoring gas hydrate formation with magnetic resonance imaging in a metallic core holder |
title_sort |
monitoring gas hydrate formation with magnetic resonance imaging in a metallic core holder |
publisher |
EDP Sciences |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198902008 https://doaj.org/article/c5d1ef9c7b16449e99745f39d93ae75c |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-63.000,-63.000,-64.300,-64.300) |
geographic |
Psi |
geographic_facet |
Psi |
genre |
Methane hydrate |
genre_facet |
Methane hydrate |
op_source |
E3S Web of Conferences, Vol 89, p 02008 (2019) |
op_relation |
https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2019/15/e3sconf_sca2018_02008.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/2267-1242 2267-1242 doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20198902008 https://doaj.org/article/c5d1ef9c7b16449e99745f39d93ae75c |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198902008 |
container_title |
E3S Web of Conferences |
container_volume |
89 |
container_start_page |
02008 |
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1766068698010877952 |