Basalt-Hosted Microbial Communities in the Subsurface of the Young Volcanic Island of Surtsey, Iceland
The island of Surtsey was formed in 1963–1967 on the offshore Icelandic volcanic rift zone. It offers a unique opportunity to study the subsurface biosphere in newly formed oceanic crust and an associated hydrothermal-seawater system, whose maximum temperature is currently above 120°C at about 100m...
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2021
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:bf001e2a7a854e2889fd25a1f2ccf1c5 2023-05-15T16:51:43+02:00 Basalt-Hosted Microbial Communities in the Subsurface of the Young Volcanic Island of Surtsey, Iceland Pauline Bergsten Pauline Vannier Alexandra María Klonowski Stephen Knobloch Magnús Tumi Gudmundsson Marie Dolores Jackson Viggó Thor Marteinsson 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.728977 https://doaj.org/article/bf001e2a7a854e2889fd25a1f2ccf1c5 EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.728977/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-302X 1664-302X doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.728977 https://doaj.org/article/bf001e2a7a854e2889fd25a1f2ccf1c5 Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol 12 (2021) 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing bacterial and archaeal communities microbial diversity extreme environment subsurface oceanic basaltic crust Microbiology QR1-502 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.728977 2022-12-31T07:13:21Z The island of Surtsey was formed in 1963–1967 on the offshore Icelandic volcanic rift zone. It offers a unique opportunity to study the subsurface biosphere in newly formed oceanic crust and an associated hydrothermal-seawater system, whose maximum temperature is currently above 120°C at about 100m below surface. Here, we present new insights into the diversity, distribution, and abundance of microorganisms in the subsurface of the island, 50years after its creation. Samples, including basaltic tuff drill cores and associated fluids acquired at successive depths as well as surface fumes from fumaroles, were collected during expedition 5059 of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program specifically designed to collect microbiological samples. Results of this microbial survey are investigated with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and scanning electron microscopy. To distinguish endemic microbial taxa of subsurface rocks from potential contaminants present in the drilling fluid, we use both methodological and computational strategies. Our 16S rRNA gene analysis results expose diverse and distinct microbial communities in the drill cores and the borehole fluid samples, which harbor thermophiles in high abundance. Whereas some taxonomic lineages detected across these habitats remain uncharacterized (e.g., Acetothermiia, Ammonifexales), our results highlight potential residents of the subsurface that could be identified at lower taxonomic rank such as Thermaerobacter, BRH-c8a (Desulfallas-Sporotomaculum), Thioalkalimicrobium, and Sulfurospirillum. Microscopy images reveal possible biotic structures attached to the basaltic substrate. Finally, microbial colonization of the newly formed basaltic crust and the metabolic potential are discussed on the basis of the data. Article in Journal/Newspaper Iceland Surtsey Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Surtsey ENVELOPE(-20.608,-20.608,63.301,63.301) Frontiers in Microbiology 12 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing bacterial and archaeal communities microbial diversity extreme environment subsurface oceanic basaltic crust Microbiology QR1-502 |
spellingShingle |
16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing bacterial and archaeal communities microbial diversity extreme environment subsurface oceanic basaltic crust Microbiology QR1-502 Pauline Bergsten Pauline Vannier Alexandra María Klonowski Stephen Knobloch Magnús Tumi Gudmundsson Marie Dolores Jackson Viggó Thor Marteinsson Basalt-Hosted Microbial Communities in the Subsurface of the Young Volcanic Island of Surtsey, Iceland |
topic_facet |
16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing bacterial and archaeal communities microbial diversity extreme environment subsurface oceanic basaltic crust Microbiology QR1-502 |
description |
The island of Surtsey was formed in 1963–1967 on the offshore Icelandic volcanic rift zone. It offers a unique opportunity to study the subsurface biosphere in newly formed oceanic crust and an associated hydrothermal-seawater system, whose maximum temperature is currently above 120°C at about 100m below surface. Here, we present new insights into the diversity, distribution, and abundance of microorganisms in the subsurface of the island, 50years after its creation. Samples, including basaltic tuff drill cores and associated fluids acquired at successive depths as well as surface fumes from fumaroles, were collected during expedition 5059 of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program specifically designed to collect microbiological samples. Results of this microbial survey are investigated with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and scanning electron microscopy. To distinguish endemic microbial taxa of subsurface rocks from potential contaminants present in the drilling fluid, we use both methodological and computational strategies. Our 16S rRNA gene analysis results expose diverse and distinct microbial communities in the drill cores and the borehole fluid samples, which harbor thermophiles in high abundance. Whereas some taxonomic lineages detected across these habitats remain uncharacterized (e.g., Acetothermiia, Ammonifexales), our results highlight potential residents of the subsurface that could be identified at lower taxonomic rank such as Thermaerobacter, BRH-c8a (Desulfallas-Sporotomaculum), Thioalkalimicrobium, and Sulfurospirillum. Microscopy images reveal possible biotic structures attached to the basaltic substrate. Finally, microbial colonization of the newly formed basaltic crust and the metabolic potential are discussed on the basis of the data. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Pauline Bergsten Pauline Vannier Alexandra María Klonowski Stephen Knobloch Magnús Tumi Gudmundsson Marie Dolores Jackson Viggó Thor Marteinsson |
author_facet |
Pauline Bergsten Pauline Vannier Alexandra María Klonowski Stephen Knobloch Magnús Tumi Gudmundsson Marie Dolores Jackson Viggó Thor Marteinsson |
author_sort |
Pauline Bergsten |
title |
Basalt-Hosted Microbial Communities in the Subsurface of the Young Volcanic Island of Surtsey, Iceland |
title_short |
Basalt-Hosted Microbial Communities in the Subsurface of the Young Volcanic Island of Surtsey, Iceland |
title_full |
Basalt-Hosted Microbial Communities in the Subsurface of the Young Volcanic Island of Surtsey, Iceland |
title_fullStr |
Basalt-Hosted Microbial Communities in the Subsurface of the Young Volcanic Island of Surtsey, Iceland |
title_full_unstemmed |
Basalt-Hosted Microbial Communities in the Subsurface of the Young Volcanic Island of Surtsey, Iceland |
title_sort |
basalt-hosted microbial communities in the subsurface of the young volcanic island of surtsey, iceland |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.728977 https://doaj.org/article/bf001e2a7a854e2889fd25a1f2ccf1c5 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-20.608,-20.608,63.301,63.301) |
geographic |
Surtsey |
geographic_facet |
Surtsey |
genre |
Iceland Surtsey |
genre_facet |
Iceland Surtsey |
op_source |
Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol 12 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.728977/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-302X 1664-302X doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.728977 https://doaj.org/article/bf001e2a7a854e2889fd25a1f2ccf1c5 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.728977 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Microbiology |
container_volume |
12 |
_version_ |
1766041826987343872 |