Diverse lineages of pathogenic Leptospira species are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico, USA.
Background Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira bacteria, is a common zoonosis worldwide, especially in the tropics. Reservoir species and risk factors have been identified but surveys for environmental sources are rare. Furthermore, understanding of environmental Leptospira containing virulence asso...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:be6400c8f2d94ade8b995883a0691efb 2023-05-15T15:15:56+02:00 Diverse lineages of pathogenic Leptospira species are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico, USA. Nathan E Stone Carina M Hall Marielisa Ortiz Shelby M Hutton Ella Santana-Propper Kimberly R Celona Charles H D Williamson Nicole Bratsch Luis G V Fernandes Joseph D Busch Talima Pearson Sarai Rivera-Garcia Fred Soltero Renee Galloway Jason W Sahl Jarlath E Nally David M Wagner 2022-05-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009959 https://doaj.org/article/be6400c8f2d94ade8b995883a0691efb EN eng Public Library of Science (PLoS) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009959 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009959 https://doaj.org/article/be6400c8f2d94ade8b995883a0691efb PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 16, Iss 5, p e0009959 (2022) Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 article 2022 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009959 2022-12-31T00:24:13Z Background Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira bacteria, is a common zoonosis worldwide, especially in the tropics. Reservoir species and risk factors have been identified but surveys for environmental sources are rare. Furthermore, understanding of environmental Leptospira containing virulence associated genes and possibly capable of causing disease is incomplete, which may convolute leptospirosis diagnosis, prevention, and epidemiology. Methodology/principal findings We collected environmental samples from 22 sites in Puerto Rico during three sampling periods over 14-months (Dec 2018-Feb 2020); 10 water and 10 soil samples were collected at each site. Samples were screened for DNA from potentially pathogenic Leptospira using the lipL32 PCR assay and positive samples were sequenced to assess genetic diversity. One urban site in San Juan was sampled three times over 14 months to assess persistence in soil; live leptospires were obtained during the last sampling period. Isolates were whole genome sequenced and LipL32 expression was assessed in vitro. We detected pathogenic Leptospira DNA at 15/22 sites; both soil and water were positive at 5/15 sites. We recovered lipL32 sequences from 83/86 positive samples (15/15 positive sites) and secY sequences from 32/86 (10/15 sites); multiple genotypes were identified at 12 sites. These sequences revealed significant diversity across samples, including four novel lipL32 phylogenetic clades within the pathogenic P1 group. Most samples from the serially sampled site were lipL32 positive at each time point. We sequenced the genomes of six saprophytic and two pathogenic Leptospira isolates; the latter represent a novel pathogenic Leptospira species likely belonging to a new serogroup. Conclusions/significance Diverse and novel pathogenic Leptospira are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico. The disease potential of these lineages is unknown but several were consistently detected for >1 year in soil, which could contaminate water. This work increases understanding of ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic San Juan PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16 5 e0009959 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
spellingShingle |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Nathan E Stone Carina M Hall Marielisa Ortiz Shelby M Hutton Ella Santana-Propper Kimberly R Celona Charles H D Williamson Nicole Bratsch Luis G V Fernandes Joseph D Busch Talima Pearson Sarai Rivera-Garcia Fred Soltero Renee Galloway Jason W Sahl Jarlath E Nally David M Wagner Diverse lineages of pathogenic Leptospira species are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico, USA. |
topic_facet |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
description |
Background Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira bacteria, is a common zoonosis worldwide, especially in the tropics. Reservoir species and risk factors have been identified but surveys for environmental sources are rare. Furthermore, understanding of environmental Leptospira containing virulence associated genes and possibly capable of causing disease is incomplete, which may convolute leptospirosis diagnosis, prevention, and epidemiology. Methodology/principal findings We collected environmental samples from 22 sites in Puerto Rico during three sampling periods over 14-months (Dec 2018-Feb 2020); 10 water and 10 soil samples were collected at each site. Samples were screened for DNA from potentially pathogenic Leptospira using the lipL32 PCR assay and positive samples were sequenced to assess genetic diversity. One urban site in San Juan was sampled three times over 14 months to assess persistence in soil; live leptospires were obtained during the last sampling period. Isolates were whole genome sequenced and LipL32 expression was assessed in vitro. We detected pathogenic Leptospira DNA at 15/22 sites; both soil and water were positive at 5/15 sites. We recovered lipL32 sequences from 83/86 positive samples (15/15 positive sites) and secY sequences from 32/86 (10/15 sites); multiple genotypes were identified at 12 sites. These sequences revealed significant diversity across samples, including four novel lipL32 phylogenetic clades within the pathogenic P1 group. Most samples from the serially sampled site were lipL32 positive at each time point. We sequenced the genomes of six saprophytic and two pathogenic Leptospira isolates; the latter represent a novel pathogenic Leptospira species likely belonging to a new serogroup. Conclusions/significance Diverse and novel pathogenic Leptospira are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico. The disease potential of these lineages is unknown but several were consistently detected for >1 year in soil, which could contaminate water. This work increases understanding of ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Nathan E Stone Carina M Hall Marielisa Ortiz Shelby M Hutton Ella Santana-Propper Kimberly R Celona Charles H D Williamson Nicole Bratsch Luis G V Fernandes Joseph D Busch Talima Pearson Sarai Rivera-Garcia Fred Soltero Renee Galloway Jason W Sahl Jarlath E Nally David M Wagner |
author_facet |
Nathan E Stone Carina M Hall Marielisa Ortiz Shelby M Hutton Ella Santana-Propper Kimberly R Celona Charles H D Williamson Nicole Bratsch Luis G V Fernandes Joseph D Busch Talima Pearson Sarai Rivera-Garcia Fred Soltero Renee Galloway Jason W Sahl Jarlath E Nally David M Wagner |
author_sort |
Nathan E Stone |
title |
Diverse lineages of pathogenic Leptospira species are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico, USA. |
title_short |
Diverse lineages of pathogenic Leptospira species are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico, USA. |
title_full |
Diverse lineages of pathogenic Leptospira species are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico, USA. |
title_fullStr |
Diverse lineages of pathogenic Leptospira species are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico, USA. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Diverse lineages of pathogenic Leptospira species are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico, USA. |
title_sort |
diverse lineages of pathogenic leptospira species are widespread in the environment in puerto rico, usa. |
publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009959 https://doaj.org/article/be6400c8f2d94ade8b995883a0691efb |
geographic |
Arctic San Juan |
geographic_facet |
Arctic San Juan |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 16, Iss 5, p e0009959 (2022) |
op_relation |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009959 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009959 https://doaj.org/article/be6400c8f2d94ade8b995883a0691efb |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009959 |
container_title |
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
container_volume |
16 |
container_issue |
5 |
container_start_page |
e0009959 |
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1766346254145552384 |