Risk factor determination and qualitative risk assessment of Mucormycosis in Harbor Porpoise, an emergent fungal disease in Salish Sea marine mammals
Mucorales infections are increasing in frequency and are a One Health pathogen of concern. In humans and domestic animals, risk factors include being immunocompromised, elevated circulating serum iron, contaminated open wounds, or metabolic diseases such as ketoacidosis or uncontrolled diabetes. Muc...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:bcfc75e068664f0c9edf8577f25da5af 2023-05-15T17:03:40+02:00 Risk factor determination and qualitative risk assessment of Mucormycosis in Harbor Porpoise, an emergent fungal disease in Salish Sea marine mammals Stephanie A. Norman Jessica L. Huggins Dyanna M. Lambourn Linda D. Rhodes Michael M. Garner Jennie L. Bolton Joseph K. Gaydos Alyssa Scott Stephen Raverty John Calambokidis 2022-07-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.962857 https://doaj.org/article/bcfc75e068664f0c9edf8577f25da5af EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.962857/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.962857 https://doaj.org/article/bcfc75e068664f0c9edf8577f25da5af Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 9 (2022) harbor porpoise fungi killer whale marine mammal mucormycosis One Health Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 article 2022 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.962857 2022-12-31T00:19:28Z Mucorales infections are increasing in frequency and are a One Health pathogen of concern. In humans and domestic animals, risk factors include being immunocompromised, elevated circulating serum iron, contaminated open wounds, or metabolic diseases such as ketoacidosis or uncontrolled diabetes. Mucormycosis was first identified in 2012 in Pacific Northwest marine mammals, predominantly in harbor porpoises. We performed an assessment to determine the overall qualitative risk, or risk score, of mucormycosis in harbor porpoises. Risk factors for this disease are unknown in aquatic mammals. In a separate risk factor analysis, potential risk factors such as pollutants, trace metals (e.g., iron), and co-infection with other pathogens (e.g., viruses and Brucella spp.) were examined in mucormycosis cases and noncases using a matched case-control study design, to determine the presence and strength of association of these factors with mucormycosis. Disease severity (gross and histopathology) and exposure scores were multiplied together to obtain the overall risk scores of 9 -16 which corresponded to moderate and severe, respectively. In the risk factor analysis, the factors most strongly associated with a mucormycosis case, relative to a control, were elevated liver iron, decreased blubber thickness, and the decreased ratio of the sum of PCB congeners/sum of PBDE congeners. The results of this study suggest that mucormycosis may pose an inordinately high risk to harbor porpoises (and potentially sympatric species in the Salish Sea such as southern resident killer whales) based on the detected prevalence and the severity of lesions observed at necropsy. However, the risk may be greater on an individual basis compared to the overall population, and is likely related to other factors such as increased POP and heavy metal burdens. Article in Journal/Newspaper Killer Whale Killer whale Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Pacific Frontiers in Marine Science 9 |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
harbor porpoise fungi killer whale marine mammal mucormycosis One Health Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
spellingShingle |
harbor porpoise fungi killer whale marine mammal mucormycosis One Health Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Stephanie A. Norman Jessica L. Huggins Dyanna M. Lambourn Linda D. Rhodes Michael M. Garner Jennie L. Bolton Joseph K. Gaydos Alyssa Scott Stephen Raverty John Calambokidis Risk factor determination and qualitative risk assessment of Mucormycosis in Harbor Porpoise, an emergent fungal disease in Salish Sea marine mammals |
topic_facet |
harbor porpoise fungi killer whale marine mammal mucormycosis One Health Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
description |
Mucorales infections are increasing in frequency and are a One Health pathogen of concern. In humans and domestic animals, risk factors include being immunocompromised, elevated circulating serum iron, contaminated open wounds, or metabolic diseases such as ketoacidosis or uncontrolled diabetes. Mucormycosis was first identified in 2012 in Pacific Northwest marine mammals, predominantly in harbor porpoises. We performed an assessment to determine the overall qualitative risk, or risk score, of mucormycosis in harbor porpoises. Risk factors for this disease are unknown in aquatic mammals. In a separate risk factor analysis, potential risk factors such as pollutants, trace metals (e.g., iron), and co-infection with other pathogens (e.g., viruses and Brucella spp.) were examined in mucormycosis cases and noncases using a matched case-control study design, to determine the presence and strength of association of these factors with mucormycosis. Disease severity (gross and histopathology) and exposure scores were multiplied together to obtain the overall risk scores of 9 -16 which corresponded to moderate and severe, respectively. In the risk factor analysis, the factors most strongly associated with a mucormycosis case, relative to a control, were elevated liver iron, decreased blubber thickness, and the decreased ratio of the sum of PCB congeners/sum of PBDE congeners. The results of this study suggest that mucormycosis may pose an inordinately high risk to harbor porpoises (and potentially sympatric species in the Salish Sea such as southern resident killer whales) based on the detected prevalence and the severity of lesions observed at necropsy. However, the risk may be greater on an individual basis compared to the overall population, and is likely related to other factors such as increased POP and heavy metal burdens. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Stephanie A. Norman Jessica L. Huggins Dyanna M. Lambourn Linda D. Rhodes Michael M. Garner Jennie L. Bolton Joseph K. Gaydos Alyssa Scott Stephen Raverty John Calambokidis |
author_facet |
Stephanie A. Norman Jessica L. Huggins Dyanna M. Lambourn Linda D. Rhodes Michael M. Garner Jennie L. Bolton Joseph K. Gaydos Alyssa Scott Stephen Raverty John Calambokidis |
author_sort |
Stephanie A. Norman |
title |
Risk factor determination and qualitative risk assessment of Mucormycosis in Harbor Porpoise, an emergent fungal disease in Salish Sea marine mammals |
title_short |
Risk factor determination and qualitative risk assessment of Mucormycosis in Harbor Porpoise, an emergent fungal disease in Salish Sea marine mammals |
title_full |
Risk factor determination and qualitative risk assessment of Mucormycosis in Harbor Porpoise, an emergent fungal disease in Salish Sea marine mammals |
title_fullStr |
Risk factor determination and qualitative risk assessment of Mucormycosis in Harbor Porpoise, an emergent fungal disease in Salish Sea marine mammals |
title_full_unstemmed |
Risk factor determination and qualitative risk assessment of Mucormycosis in Harbor Porpoise, an emergent fungal disease in Salish Sea marine mammals |
title_sort |
risk factor determination and qualitative risk assessment of mucormycosis in harbor porpoise, an emergent fungal disease in salish sea marine mammals |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.962857 https://doaj.org/article/bcfc75e068664f0c9edf8577f25da5af |
geographic |
Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Pacific |
genre |
Killer Whale Killer whale |
genre_facet |
Killer Whale Killer whale |
op_source |
Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 9 (2022) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.962857/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.962857 https://doaj.org/article/bcfc75e068664f0c9edf8577f25da5af |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.962857 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
9 |
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1766057588170948608 |