Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska
Abstract Many Northeast (NE) Pacific fishes and invertebrates survived Pleistocene glaciations in northern refugia, but the extent that kelps survived in northern areas is uncertain. Here, we test the hypothesis that populations of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) persisted in the Gulf of Alaska du...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:b9e729d73f8f41dd9b640133983633c9 2023-05-15T15:43:59+02:00 Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska William Stewart Grant Erica Chenoweth 2021-05-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7368 https://doaj.org/article/b9e729d73f8f41dd9b640133983633c9 EN eng Wiley https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7368 https://doaj.org/toc/2045-7758 2045-7758 doi:10.1002/ece3.7368 https://doaj.org/article/b9e729d73f8f41dd9b640133983633c9 Ecology and Evolution, Vol 11, Iss 9, Pp 4670-4687 (2021) chloroplast DNA Cordilleran ice sheet microsatellite DNA mitochondrial DNA Northeastern Pacific phylogeography Ecology QH540-549.5 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7368 2022-12-31T05:46:50Z Abstract Many Northeast (NE) Pacific fishes and invertebrates survived Pleistocene glaciations in northern refugia, but the extent that kelps survived in northern areas is uncertain. Here, we test the hypothesis that populations of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) persisted in the Gulf of Alaska during ice‐age maxima when the western margin of the Cordilleran ice sheet covered coastal areas around the NE Pacific Ocean. We estimated genetic diversities within and phylogeographical relationships among 14 populations along 2,800 km in the NE Pacific and Bering Sea with partial sequences of mitochondrial DNA 5′‐cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI, bp = 624, n = 543), chloroplast DNA ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit‐3′ (rbcL, bp = 735, n = 514), and 11 microsatellite loci. Concatenated sequences of rbcL and COI showed moderate levels of within‐population genetic diversity (mean h = 0.200) but substantial differences among populations (ΦST = 0.834, p < .0001). Microsatellites showed moderate levels of heterozygosity within populations (mean HE = 0.391). Kelps in the same organellar lineage tended to cluster together, regardless of geographic origins, as indicated in a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of microsatellite genotypes. The PCoA also showed evidence of nuclear hybridizations between co‐occurring organellar lineages. Individual admixture plots with population clusters of K = 2, 6, and 9 showed increasing complexity with considerable historical admixture between some clusters. A time‐calibrated phylogeny placed divergences between rbcL‐COI lineages at 1.4 million years at most. The time frames of mutation in the rbcL‐COI lineages and microsatellite population clusters differed among locations. The existence of ancient lineages in the Gulf of Alaska, moderate levels of genetic diversity, and the absence of departures from neutrality are consistent with northern refugia during multiple Croll‐Milankovitch climate cycles in the Pleistocene Epoch. Article in Journal/Newspaper Bering Sea Ice Sheet Alaska Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Bering Sea Gulf of Alaska Pacific Ecology and Evolution 11 9 4670 4687 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
chloroplast DNA Cordilleran ice sheet microsatellite DNA mitochondrial DNA Northeastern Pacific phylogeography Ecology QH540-549.5 |
spellingShingle |
chloroplast DNA Cordilleran ice sheet microsatellite DNA mitochondrial DNA Northeastern Pacific phylogeography Ecology QH540-549.5 William Stewart Grant Erica Chenoweth Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska |
topic_facet |
chloroplast DNA Cordilleran ice sheet microsatellite DNA mitochondrial DNA Northeastern Pacific phylogeography Ecology QH540-549.5 |
description |
Abstract Many Northeast (NE) Pacific fishes and invertebrates survived Pleistocene glaciations in northern refugia, but the extent that kelps survived in northern areas is uncertain. Here, we test the hypothesis that populations of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) persisted in the Gulf of Alaska during ice‐age maxima when the western margin of the Cordilleran ice sheet covered coastal areas around the NE Pacific Ocean. We estimated genetic diversities within and phylogeographical relationships among 14 populations along 2,800 km in the NE Pacific and Bering Sea with partial sequences of mitochondrial DNA 5′‐cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI, bp = 624, n = 543), chloroplast DNA ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit‐3′ (rbcL, bp = 735, n = 514), and 11 microsatellite loci. Concatenated sequences of rbcL and COI showed moderate levels of within‐population genetic diversity (mean h = 0.200) but substantial differences among populations (ΦST = 0.834, p < .0001). Microsatellites showed moderate levels of heterozygosity within populations (mean HE = 0.391). Kelps in the same organellar lineage tended to cluster together, regardless of geographic origins, as indicated in a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of microsatellite genotypes. The PCoA also showed evidence of nuclear hybridizations between co‐occurring organellar lineages. Individual admixture plots with population clusters of K = 2, 6, and 9 showed increasing complexity with considerable historical admixture between some clusters. A time‐calibrated phylogeny placed divergences between rbcL‐COI lineages at 1.4 million years at most. The time frames of mutation in the rbcL‐COI lineages and microsatellite population clusters differed among locations. The existence of ancient lineages in the Gulf of Alaska, moderate levels of genetic diversity, and the absence of departures from neutrality are consistent with northern refugia during multiple Croll‐Milankovitch climate cycles in the Pleistocene Epoch. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
William Stewart Grant Erica Chenoweth |
author_facet |
William Stewart Grant Erica Chenoweth |
author_sort |
William Stewart Grant |
title |
Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska |
title_short |
Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska |
title_full |
Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska |
title_fullStr |
Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska |
title_full_unstemmed |
Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska |
title_sort |
phylogeography of sugar kelp: northern ice‐age refugia in the gulf of alaska |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7368 https://doaj.org/article/b9e729d73f8f41dd9b640133983633c9 |
geographic |
Bering Sea Gulf of Alaska Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Bering Sea Gulf of Alaska Pacific |
genre |
Bering Sea Ice Sheet Alaska |
genre_facet |
Bering Sea Ice Sheet Alaska |
op_source |
Ecology and Evolution, Vol 11, Iss 9, Pp 4670-4687 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7368 https://doaj.org/toc/2045-7758 2045-7758 doi:10.1002/ece3.7368 https://doaj.org/article/b9e729d73f8f41dd9b640133983633c9 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7368 |
container_title |
Ecology and Evolution |
container_volume |
11 |
container_issue |
9 |
container_start_page |
4670 |
op_container_end_page |
4687 |
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1766378197844230144 |