Species-Specific Responses of Bird Song Output in the Presence of Drones
Drones are now widely used to study wildlife, but their application in the study of bioacoustics is limited. Drones can be used to collect data on bird vocalizations, but an ongoing concern is that noise from drones could change bird vocalization behavior. To test for behavioral impact, we conducted...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:b9cf91d73fe045609883a7ef670948f6 2023-05-15T15:34:43+02:00 Species-Specific Responses of Bird Song Output in the Presence of Drones Andrew M. Wilson Kenneth S. Boyle Jennifer L. Gilmore Cody J. Kiefer Matthew F. Walker 2021-12-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6010001 https://doaj.org/article/b9cf91d73fe045609883a7ef670948f6 EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/1/1 https://doaj.org/toc/2504-446X doi:10.3390/drones6010001 2504-446X https://doaj.org/article/b9cf91d73fe045609883a7ef670948f6 Drones, Vol 6, Iss 1, p 1 (2021) bioacoustics drone noise pollution songbird UAV UAS Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics TL1-4050 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6010001 2022-12-30T19:58:47Z Drones are now widely used to study wildlife, but their application in the study of bioacoustics is limited. Drones can be used to collect data on bird vocalizations, but an ongoing concern is that noise from drones could change bird vocalization behavior. To test for behavioral impact, we conducted an experiment using 30 sound localization arrays to track the song output of 7 songbird species before, during, and after a 3 min flight of a small quadcopter drone hovering 48 m above ground level. We analyzed 8303 song bouts, of which 2285, from 184 individual birds were within 50 m of the array centers. We used linear mixed effect models to assess whether patterns in bird song output could be attributed to the drone’s presence. We found no evidence of any effect of the drone on five species: American Robin Turdus migratorius , Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas , Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla , Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia , and Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea . However, we found a substantial decrease in Yellow Warbler Setophaga petechia song detections during the 3 min drone hover; there was an 81% drop in detections in the third minute (Wald test, p < 0.001) compared with before the drone’s introduction. By contrast, the number of singing Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis increased when the drone was overhead and remained almost five-fold higher for 4 min after the drone departed ( p < 0.001). Further, we found an increase in cardinal contact/alarm calls when the drone was overhead, with the elevated calling rate lasting for 2 min after the drone departed ( p < 0.001). Our study suggests that the responses of songbirds to drones may be species-specific, an important consideration when proposing the use of drones in avian studies. We note that recent advances in drone technology have resulted in much quieter drones, which makes us hopeful that the impact that we detected could be greatly reduced. Article in Journal/Newspaper Avian Studies Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Drones 6 1 1 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
bioacoustics drone noise pollution songbird UAV UAS Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics TL1-4050 |
spellingShingle |
bioacoustics drone noise pollution songbird UAV UAS Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics TL1-4050 Andrew M. Wilson Kenneth S. Boyle Jennifer L. Gilmore Cody J. Kiefer Matthew F. Walker Species-Specific Responses of Bird Song Output in the Presence of Drones |
topic_facet |
bioacoustics drone noise pollution songbird UAV UAS Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics TL1-4050 |
description |
Drones are now widely used to study wildlife, but their application in the study of bioacoustics is limited. Drones can be used to collect data on bird vocalizations, but an ongoing concern is that noise from drones could change bird vocalization behavior. To test for behavioral impact, we conducted an experiment using 30 sound localization arrays to track the song output of 7 songbird species before, during, and after a 3 min flight of a small quadcopter drone hovering 48 m above ground level. We analyzed 8303 song bouts, of which 2285, from 184 individual birds were within 50 m of the array centers. We used linear mixed effect models to assess whether patterns in bird song output could be attributed to the drone’s presence. We found no evidence of any effect of the drone on five species: American Robin Turdus migratorius , Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas , Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla , Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia , and Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea . However, we found a substantial decrease in Yellow Warbler Setophaga petechia song detections during the 3 min drone hover; there was an 81% drop in detections in the third minute (Wald test, p < 0.001) compared with before the drone’s introduction. By contrast, the number of singing Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis increased when the drone was overhead and remained almost five-fold higher for 4 min after the drone departed ( p < 0.001). Further, we found an increase in cardinal contact/alarm calls when the drone was overhead, with the elevated calling rate lasting for 2 min after the drone departed ( p < 0.001). Our study suggests that the responses of songbirds to drones may be species-specific, an important consideration when proposing the use of drones in avian studies. We note that recent advances in drone technology have resulted in much quieter drones, which makes us hopeful that the impact that we detected could be greatly reduced. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Andrew M. Wilson Kenneth S. Boyle Jennifer L. Gilmore Cody J. Kiefer Matthew F. Walker |
author_facet |
Andrew M. Wilson Kenneth S. Boyle Jennifer L. Gilmore Cody J. Kiefer Matthew F. Walker |
author_sort |
Andrew M. Wilson |
title |
Species-Specific Responses of Bird Song Output in the Presence of Drones |
title_short |
Species-Specific Responses of Bird Song Output in the Presence of Drones |
title_full |
Species-Specific Responses of Bird Song Output in the Presence of Drones |
title_fullStr |
Species-Specific Responses of Bird Song Output in the Presence of Drones |
title_full_unstemmed |
Species-Specific Responses of Bird Song Output in the Presence of Drones |
title_sort |
species-specific responses of bird song output in the presence of drones |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6010001 https://doaj.org/article/b9cf91d73fe045609883a7ef670948f6 |
genre |
Avian Studies |
genre_facet |
Avian Studies |
op_source |
Drones, Vol 6, Iss 1, p 1 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/1/1 https://doaj.org/toc/2504-446X doi:10.3390/drones6010001 2504-446X https://doaj.org/article/b9cf91d73fe045609883a7ef670948f6 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6010001 |
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Drones |
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